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希伯来书导论

作者简介

冯荫坤博士

冯荫坤,广东番禺人,一九三七年在香港出生。

先后毕业于香港大学(荣誉文学士,专修英文)、英国伦敦圣经学院(荣誉文凭)、伦敦大学(道学士)、美国福乐神学院(神学硕士)及英国曼彻斯特大学(哲学博士)。

于六零年代曾任香港宣道书局编辑部助理、国际基督徒学生福音团契远东区干事、香港播道神学院讲师。一九七五年起任香港中国神学研究院讲师,八三年起转为研究院士兼特约讲师

除了翻译之作、学术性文章约干篇,以及本书外,另注有:属于本注释丛书之《腓立比书》、《帖撒罗尼迦前书》、《帖撒罗尼迦后书》;《擘开生命之饼──路加五个独有的比喻》(香港基道,二版1992)、《恩赐与事奉:保罗神学点滴》(香港天道,增订版1988)、《真理与自由:加拉太书注释》(香港证道,增订版1987)、以及The Epistle to the GalatiansNICNTGrand RapidsEerdmans1988)

作者序

希伯来书可能是笔者在神学院和教会中讲授或讲解得最多的一卷书:在教会方面,笔者曾在当年(1966年)所属教会一连串的主日讲道聚会中讲完整卷书,十年后又在另一教会的英文部成人主日学讲解耶稣基督为祭司的题目,近年间(1990)亦曾连续六个月隔周在所属教会的查经小组聚会中讲解全书。在神学院方面,笔者初在播道神学院任教时(1967-1969年),所要负责教授的科目之一就是“利未记──希伯来书”;其后于一九八○至八二年间,曾在“中神”校本部讲授希伯来书两次,又在延伸部讲授“希伯来书的信息与神学”──该次有一百八十人报读,是笔者教学生涯中的一项记录!一九八九年底“帖撒罗尼迦后书注释”脱稿后至今,其间几乎四年的绝大部分时间,就是投资在撰写本注释上。

据说,著名的新约学者赖福特1主教曾给予他的一个学生这样的忠告:你若要写一本关于某题目的书,就要把有关该题目的所有著作看完!2笔者必须承认,这是自己无法达到的理想,在这方面只能量力而为;若以本注释的参考书目跟(举例说)新近两本英文的希伯来书注释的书目相比,3难免有小巫见大巫之感。虽然如此,笔者仍要向“中神”的同工张略牧师致谢:他慷慨地把大约一百五十份的文章影印本借给笔者参考,而笔者一借就是头尾四年!笔者也衷心感谢同工孙淑喜先生:他借给笔者一部先进的电脑列印机,使笔者可以把存于电脑的那部分文稿顺利印出。笔者在使用电脑的事上现今仍是个“超龄的幼稚园预班生”,在开始学用电脑至今这两年间,屡次劳烦多位“中神”同工及笔者教会的周国林弟兄给予指导或帮助,谨在此向他们一并致谢。

关于本注释,还有几点要稍作交代:(一)“上帝”与“神”在意思上并无分别,二字的用法有时是因应着刚引用的中文译本的译法,有时是为了较好的句法的缘故(例如:“上帝子民的……”似乎胜于“神的子民的……”),有时甚至未经特别的思考。(二)印出经文时,旧约的引句都是按照希腊文圣经的分行法;此点可参新译本及现代中文译本的做法。(三)一节经文若分为二或更多部分,abc等字母所代表的是原文的次序,中译本的次序有时不同(例如:一4)。(四)简写表的英文部分本身亦分为二:先是一般的项目,然后是希伯来书的注释书及希伯来书的专题研究。参考书目的“乙部:英文书刊”也照样一分为二:先是书名或文章题目中有提及经文章节的那些项目,然后是其他的。(五)本注释没有希腊字词索引(此点与其姊妹作“腓立比书注释”、“帖撒罗尼迦前/后书注释”不同),因为希伯来书比该三卷的保罗书信长多了,注释本身的篇幅亦已不少,似乎不适宜再附加这种“奢侈品”。更何况艾灵伟的注释已提供了希腊字词索引,4而且他的字词研究的范围比笔者所能涉及的更广。(六)本注释尽量在各大段(如大纲的:壹、贰)及分段(如:一、二)之前提供该段的结构或内容分析,读者若在阅读每节的讨论之先或同时,再次参考这些分析,可有助于避去“只见树木、不见森林”的危险。5去年收到一位任教会传道的“中神”校友的信,他表示“深深感受到一本首尾贯彻、且阐释详尽,又能合理解释其中……的警告等的释经书,实在有莫大的需要”。本注释能否满足上述的需求,只能留待读者自己去判断;笔者只是尽了棉力,在本身的种种限制下接受了希伯来书之研究的挑战。6无论如何,靠着上帝的恩典,本注释终于完成了;为此,笔者向神献上感谢,也多谢曾为笔者祷告的主内肢体。内子与笔者同走人生路已历廿五载,并且一直支持笔者全职事奉的决定;“中神”继续提供方便的写作环境;这些都是笔者未敢忘怀的恩典。祈盼本注释能帮助更多的华人信徒认识和欣赏希伯来书独特的信息,更愿上帝帮助我们全心倚赖我们大祭司耶稣基督的职事,即使在患难与逼迫中,仍然坚守所信,向着我们天上那“更美的家乡”(十一16),就是“神所经营所建造的”(十一10)“那将来的城”(十三14)迈进。

冯荫坤谨志

一九九三年 十月二日

香港 中国神学研究院

1 J. B. Lightfoot (1828-1889). Cf. R. E. NixonNIDCC 596.

2 See ExpT 104 (1992-93) 128a.

3 Ellingworth的书目长达七十五页(xxiv-xcviii);参Lane II各分段之前的书目。

4 See Ellingworth 757-64.

5 Cf. Lane II xii.

6 参唐佑之:“教会之隐忧与挑战:(二)神合用的工人”,“金灯台”第十八期(88.11):“华人教会的隐忧,是缺少圣经研究的工人。这隐忧也应成为挑战,使时代工人重新着重圣经真理,合乎主用”(该文结语)。

简写表

串释 “圣经──串珠.注释本”(香港,中国神学研究院编撰,证道出版社出版;新约全书1984,旧约全书1986,新旧约全书1987

和合 “新旧约全书”(香港圣经公会;现代标点符号新约全书1978

思高 “圣经”(香港思高圣经学会1968

现中 “圣经──现代中文译本”(香港圣经公会1980

当圣 “当代圣经”(香港天道1979

新译 “圣经新译本──向导版”(香港天道1992

简明 “新约希汉简明字典”(联合圣经公会1989

史伯诚着:“望断以及于耶稣(希伯来书略解)”(台北见证书室1973

司迪民 司迪民着 陈伟明译:“末了的话──希伯来书新观”(香港种籽1980

\cs16 李常受着:“希伯来书生命读经”(台湾福音书房1984

马有藻着:“犹太人的福音:希伯来书诠释”(香港基道1991

陈玉玲 陈玉玲着:“希伯来书浅释”(香港陈伟昆1966/1971

黄彼得着:“认识无比的基督”(印尼玛琅东南亚圣道神学院1991/1992

陈则信 陈则信着:“希伯来书中心的信息”(香港基督徒出版社1981

麦柯乃 麦柯乃着 吴终源译:“希伯来书”(台湾光启1976

陈终道 陈终道着:“希伯来书讲义”(修订版,香港宣道1973

康尔伯 康尔伯着 吕绍端译:“希伯来书的赎罪观”(香港信义宗联合出版社,日期不详)

贾玉铭着:“希伯来书讲义”(台湾基督教天人社1969

摩根 坎伯.摩根着 张世衡/钟越娜译:“希伯来书”(美国活泉1990

慕安得烈着:“至圣所(希伯来书讲义)”(香港中华神学院1955/1963

AB Anchor Bible

AJBA Australian Journal of Biblical Archaeology

AJT Asia Journal of Theology

AnBib Analecta Biblica

AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies

AV Authorized (King James) Version

BAGD W. Baur - W. F. Arndt - F. W. Gingrich - F.W. Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago 1979)

BDF F. Blass - A. Debrunner - R. W. Funk, A Greek Grammer of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago 1961/1967)

Bib Biblica

BibT Biblical Theology

BibTrans The Bible Translator

BJRL Bulletin of John Rylands University Library of Manchester

BNTC Black's New Testament Commentaries

BR Biblical Research

BS Bibliotheca Sacra

BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin

BZ Biblische Zeitschrift

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly

CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series

CBSC Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

CJT Canadian Journal of Theology

Concordance Concordance to the Novum Testamentum Graece (3rd ed.; Berlin and New York 1987)

CTJ Calvin Theological Journal

CTM Concordia Theological Monthly

Dana-Mantey H. E. Dana - J. R. Mantey, A Manual Grammer of the Greek New Testament (New York 1927/1955)

EAJT East Asia Journal of Theology

EBD Eerdmans Bible Dictionary, rev. ed. A. C. Myers (Grand Rapids 1987/1989)

EDNT Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament, ed H. Balz and G. Schneider (3 vols; Grand Rapids 1990-93)

EGT The Expositor's Greek Testament, ed W. R. Nicoll (5 vols; Grand Rapids, 1961 reprint)

EQ Evangelical Quarterly

ERT Evangelical Review of Theology

E. T. English Translation

ExpT Expository Times

FS Festschrift

GNS Good News Studies

GTJ Grace Theological Journal

HeyJ Heythrop Journal

HNTC Harper's New Testament Commentaries [=American version of BNTC]

HTR Harvard Theological Review

IBD Illustrated Bible Dictionary, rev. ed. N. Hillyer (3 parts; Leicester 1980)

IBS Irish Biblical Studies

IDB/IDBS The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, ed G. A. Buttrick et al. (4 vols; New York 1962; supplementary volume 1976)

Idiom C. F. D. Moule, An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek (2nd ed.; Cambridge 1959/1968)

Int Interpretation

ISBER The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, ed G. W. Bromiley et al. (fully revised, 4 vols; Grand Rapids 1979-88)

IVPNTCS Inter-Varsity Press New Testament Commentary Series

JBL Journal of Biblical Literature

JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society

JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament

JSNTSS Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series

JSOTSS Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series

JTS Journal of Theological Studies

LN J. P. Louw - E.A. Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament based on Semantic Domains (2 vols; New York 1988/1989)

LSJ A Greek-English Lexicon, by H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, 9th edition revised by H. S. Jones (Oxford 1940/1976)

LXX Septuaginta, ed A. Rahlfs (2 vols; Stuttgart 1965)

MBS Message of Biblical Spirituality

Metzger B. M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (London and New York 1971)

MHT J. H. Moulton - W. F. Howard - N. Turner, A Grammar of New Testament Greek (4 vols; Edinburgh 1906-76)

MM J. H. Moulton - G. Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (London 1930/1972)

Moods and Tenses E. D. Burton, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek (Grand Rapids, 1973 reprint)

MT Masoretic Text

NASB New American Standard Bible

NBCR New Bible Commentary Revised, ed D. Guthrie et al. (London 1970)

NCBC New Century Bible Commentary

NDT New Dictionary of Theology, ed S. B. Ferguson and D. F. Wright (Leicester and Downers Grove 1988)

Nestle-Aland Nestle-Aland, Greek-English New Testament (26th rev.ed; Stuttgart n.d.)

NEB New English Bible

Neot Neotestamentica

NIBC New International Biblical Commentary

NICNT New International Biblical Commentary on the New Testament

NIDCC New International Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed J. D. Douglas et al. (Exeter 1974)

NIDNTT New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, ed C Brown (E.T., 3 vols; Grand Rapids 1975-78)

NIGTC New International Greek Testament Commentary

NIV New International Version

NIVSB The NIV Study Bible, ed K. Barker et al. (Grand Rapids 1985)

NLCNT New London Commentary on the New Testament

NovT Novum Testamentum

NS/n.s. New series

NTA New Testament Abstracts

NTM New Testament Message

NTS New Testament Studies

NTTS New Testament Tools and Studies

PTR Princeton Theological Review

QR Quarterly Review

RestQ Restoration Quarterly

RevExp Review and Expositor

RSV Revised Standard Version

RTR Reformed Theological Review

RV Revised Version

SBET Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology

SBL (MS) Society of Biblical Literature (Monograph Series)

SBT Studies in Biblical Theology

SuppNovT Supplements to Novum Testament

SWJT Southwestern Journal of Theology

TD Theology Digest

TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed G. W. Bromiley (E.T., 9 vols; Grand Rapids 1964-74), with index (10th) volume by R. E. Pitkin (1976)

TDNTA Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, abridged in one volume by G. W. Bromiley (Gramd Rapids 1985)

TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, d G. J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren (E.T., 6 vols to date; 1974-90)

Thayer J. H. Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, translated, revised and enlarged from Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti (New York n.d.)

TNTC Tyndale New Testament Commentary

TOTC Tyndale Old Testament Commentary

TrinJ Trinity Journal

TToday Theology Today

TynB Tyndale Bulletin

TU Texte und Untersuchungen

VE Vox Evangelica

Verbal Aspect S. E. Porter, Verbal Aspect in the Greek of the New Testament, with Reference to Tense and Mood (Studies in Biblical Greek, vol. 1; New York 1989)

WBC Work Biblical Commentary

WTJ Westminster Theological Journal

Zerwick M. Zerwick, Biblical Greek (E.T.; Rome 1963)

A. B. Bruce A. B. Bruce, The Epistle to the Hebrews: The First Apology for Christianity (1899; Minneapolis, 1980 reprint)

Archer G. L. Archer, Jr., The Epistle to the Hebrews: A Study Manual (Grand Rapids 1957/1974)

Attridge I H. W. Attridge, 'Hebrews', in Harper's Bible Commentary, ed J. L. Mays et al. (San Francisco 1988), 1259-71

Attridge II H. W. Attridge, The Epistle to the Hebrews (Hermeneia; Philadephia 1989)

Barclay I W. Barclay, Epistle to the Hebrews (Bible Guides 20; London and New York 1965)

Barclay II W. Barclay, The Letter to the Hebrews (Daily Study Bible; rev. ed.; Philadelphia 1976)

Bourke M. M. Bourke, 'The Epistle to the Hebrews', in The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, ed R. E. Brown et al. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1990), 920-41

Bowman J. W. Bowman, Hebrews, James I & II Peter (London 1963)

Brown R. Brown, Christ Above All: The Message of Hebrews (Leicester 1982)

Bruce I F. F. Bruce, 'Hebrews', in Peake's Commentary on the Bible, ed M. Black and H. H. Rowley (London 1962/1967), 1008-19

Bruce II F. F. Bruce, Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews (NLCNT; London 1964)

Bruce III F. F. Bruce, The Epistle to the Hebrews (NICNT; Grand Rapids 1990)

Buchanan G. W. Buchanan, To the Hebrews (AB 36; Garden City 1972/1978)

Calvin J. Calvin, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews and the First and Second Epistles of St. Peter (E.T., Edinburgh 1963)

Casey J. Casey, Hebrews (NTM 18; Wilmington, DE 1980/1987)

Cheung L. L. Cheung, 'Faith in Hebrews' (unpublished M.Th. thesis, Australian College of Theology 1990)

D'Angelo M. R. D'Angelo, Moses in the Letter to the Hebrews (SBLDS 42; Missoula 1979)

Dods M. Dods, 'The Epistle to the Hebrews', EGT 4.219-381

Ellingworth P. Ellingworth, Commentary on Hebrews (NIGTC; Grand Rapids 1993)

Ellingworth-Nida P. Ellingworth - E. A. Nida, A Translator's Handbook on the Letter to the Hebrews (HFT; Stuttgart 1983)

Filson F. V. Filson, 'Yesterday': A Study of Hebrews in the Light of Chapter 13 (SBT 2/4; London 1967)

Fuller R. H. Fuller, 'Hebrews', in Hebrews, James, 1 & 2 Peter, Jude, Revelation by R. H. Fuller et al. (Proclamation Commentaries; Philadelphia 1977)

G. B. Wilson G. B. Wilson, Hebrews: A Digest of Reformed Comment (London 1970)

G. Hughes G. Hughes, Hebrews and Hermeneutics: The Epistle to the Hebrews as a New Testament example of biblical interpretation (SNTSMS 36; Cambridge 1979)

Gooding D. Gooding, An Unshakeable Kingdom: The Letter to the Hebrews for Today (2nd ed.; Leicester n.d.)

Guthrie D. Guthrie, The Letter to the Hebrews (TNTC; Leicester and Grand Rapids 1983)

Hagner D. A. Hagner, Hebrews (NIBC 14; Peabody, MA 1983/1990)

Hawthorne G. F. Hawthorne, 'Hebrews', in The International Bible Commentary, ed F. F. Bruce (rev. ed.; Grand Rapids 1986), 1500-32

Hewitt T. Hewitt, The Epistle to the Hebrews (TNTC; London 1960)

Hurst L. D. Hurst, The Epistle to the Hebrews: Its background of thought (SNTSMS 65; Cambridge 1990)

Isaacs M. E. Isaacs, Sacred Space: An Approach to the Theology of the Epistle to the Hebrews (JSNTSS 73; Sheffield 1992)

Jewett R. Jewett, Letter to Pilgrims: A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews (New Youk 1981)

Kasemann E. Kasemann, The Wandering People of God: An Investigation of the Letter to the Hebrews (E.T.; Minneapolis 1984)

Kistemaker S. J. Kistemaker, Exposition of the Epistle to the Hebrews (Grand Rapids 1984)

Lane I W. L. Lane, Call to Commitment: Responding to the Message of Hebrews (Nashville 1985)

Lane II W. L. Lane, Hebrews 1-8, Hebrews 9-13 (WBC 47A, 47B; Dallas 1991)

Lehne S. Lehne, The New Covenant in Hebrews (JSNTSS 44; Sheffield 1990)

Lindars B. Lindars, The Theology of the Letter to the Hebrews (Cambridge 1991)

McDonnell R. McDonnell, 'Hebrews', The Catholic Epistle & Hebrews (MBS 14; Wilmington, DE 1986) 79-115

Milligan G. Milligan, The Theology of the Epistle to the Hebrews (1899; Minneapolis, 1978 reprint)

Moffatt J. Moffatt, The Epistle to the Hebrews (ICC; Edinburgh 1924/1979)

Motefiore H. W. Montefiore, A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews (BNTC; London 1964/1977)

Morgan G. C. Morgan, God's Last Word to Man: Studies in Hebrews (Grand Rapids, 1975 reprint)

Morris I L. Morris, 'Hebrews', in The Daily Commentary, co-ordinating editor A.E. Cundall (4 vols; London 1974), 4.357-99

Morris II L. Morris, 'Hebrews', in The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Vol. 12 ed. F. E. Gaebelein et al. (Grand Rapids 1981), 3-157

Morris III L. Morris, Hebrews (Bible Study Commentary; Grand Rapids 1983)

Nairne A. Nairne, The Epistle to the Hebrews (CBSC; London 1921)

P. E. Hughes P. E. Hughes, A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews (Grand Rapids 1977)

Peterson D. Peterson, Hebrews and Perfection: An Examination of the Conception of Perfection in the Epistle to the Hebrews (SNTSMS 47; Cambridge 1982)

Pfitzner V. C. Pfitzner, Hebrews (ChiRho commentary; Adelaide 1979)

Purdy A. C. Purdy, 'The Epistle to the Hebrews', in The Interpreter's Bible, Vol. 11 ed G. A. Buttrick et al. (New York and Nashville 1955)m 575-763

R. McL. Wilson R. McL. Wilson, Hebrews (NCBC; Grand Rapids and Basingstoke 1987)

Richards L. Richards, The Complete Christian: Insights for Life from the Book of Hebrews (Wheaton 1975/1976)

Schneider J. Schneider, The Letter to the Hebrews (E.T., Grand Rapids 1957)

Scholer J. M. Scholer, Proleptic Priests: Priesthood in the Epistle to the Hebrews (JSNTSS 49; Sheffield 1991)

Stedman R. C. Stedman, Hebrews (IVPNTCS; Downers Grove and Leicester 1992)

Stibbs A. M. Stibbs, 'Hebrews', in NBCR 1191-221

Swetnam J. Swetnam, Jesus and Isaac: A Study of the Epistle to the Hebrews in the Light of the Aqedah (AnBib 94; Rome 1981)

Synge F. C. Synge, Hebrews and the Scriptures (London 1959)

Thomas W. H. G. Thomas, Hebrews: A Devotional Commentary (Grand Rapids, 1975 reprint)

Vanhoye I A. Vanhoye, A Structured Translation of the Epistle to the Hebrews (E.T., Rome 1964)

Vanhoye II A. Vanhoye, Structure and Message of the Epistle to the Hebrews (E.T., Rome 1989)

Vos I G. Vos, 'Hebrews, the Epistle of the Diatheke', PTR 13 (1915) 587-632, 14 (1916)

Vos II G. Vos, The Teaching of the Epistle to the Hebrews, edited and re-written by J. G. Vos (Nutley, NJ 1977)

Westcott B. F. Westcott, The Epistle to the Hebrews (Grand Rapids, 1977 reprint)

导论

按节数计算,希伯来书(303节)相当于加拉太书、腓立比书及帖撒逻尼迦后书的总和(149 + 104 +47 = 300节)。由此推理,本书的导论部分亦可以长达笔者的该三本注释书的导论部分的总和──32 + 41 + 40 = 113页!事实上,在连伟廉1991年出版的希伯来书注释中,导论部分就占了111页的篇幅(占导论与经文注释之总和的百分之十六强);11993年接踵而来的另一钜献中──艾灵伟的希伯来书注释──导论部分也长达85页(占了导论与经文注释之总和的百分之十一强)。2不过,本注释的导论不会像上述的两个例子那么长,原因至少有两个:(一)笔者缺乏那二位注释者的广博知识和学养,无从效法他们那广泛和深入的讨论。(二)希伯来书所涉及的导论问题,就如作者是谁、读者是谁、本书写于何时何地、写作的原因和目的等,几乎全部没有肯定(更遑论公认)的答案;在此情况下,经文的解释就不会太受这些问题的答案所左右,而两者相比之下,作者信息的内容远比导论问题的讨论重要。3因此,笔者不打算给予导论部分太多的篇幅,尤其因为注释部分所占的篇幅已不少了!4由于本注释接受本书第十三章为作者原着一部分的立场(参十三1-6注释引言),因此该章的一些资料便可引用为可以帮助我们的讨论的内证。

1 Lane II xlvii-clvii.

2 Ellingworth 1-85.

3 依次见:Purdy 594aD. GuthrieISBER 2.664a; R. McL. Wilson 253.

4 I. H. Marshall, The Gospel of Luke (NIGTC; Exeter 1978) 的导论只有八页(29-36),经文注释部分则为872页(39-910);见该书页29的解释。

由于笔者不打算讨论本书的思想背景的问题,故此在这里先对此问题稍作交代。思想背景所涉及的问题,就是书中的思想和课题是来自何种文化和知识环境的问题。对此问题研究得最详尽的,可算是Hurst(见简写表)。他依次讨论了以下的非基督教背景──裴罗、亚历山太和柏拉图主义(7-42,结论见41-42);昆兰社团(43-66,结论见65-66);基督教之前的诺斯底主义(67-75,结论见74-75);撒玛利亚人(75-82,结论见\cs1582);犹太人的Merkabah神秘主义(82-85,结论见84-85);及以下的基督教背景──司提反的传统(89-106,结论见105-06);保罗神学(107-24,结论见124);彼得前书(125-30,结论见130)。他最后的结论是:影响本书作者的是以下四种力量:七十士译本的某些段落;使徒行传七章所保存的那种对旧约的用法;与“像保罗”的神学的接触;以及与犹太启示文学某些看法的接触(131-33esp. 133)。按Lane II ciii-cxii的分析,影响本书作者最深的思想背景,就是早期的基督教传统,尤其是透过说希腊语的教会所传递下来的早期基督教传统(cxii).

壹 希伯来书的作者

希伯来书是不具名的作品。十一章卅二节的“细说”在原文为单数的阳性分词,这表示作者是个男士。在新约的所有书卷中,本书展示了最优雅的希腊文体;作者显然曾受希腊教育(包括辞令学)、精通希腊文,并且熟悉希罗世界一般的文化环境。1他更精通旧约圣经,也熟悉犹太人的宗教思想;他的旧约引句都是出自七十士译本。2由此推论,作者极可能是说希腊语的犹太人。不过,作者不是撒都该人(或撒玛利亚人),因为他接受诗篇与摩西五经一样为圣经的一部分。3作者是读者所认识的(十三19);他可能是与提摩太同属保罗圈子的人(见十三23注释首段末)。像读者一样,作者不是耶稣传道工作的目击者,而是从一些目击者那里领受福音的(二3)。

至于作者较准确的身分,艾灵伟指出释经者共提供了不下十三个不同的名字,其中大约半数有其他的作品被认为是出自他们的手笔;这些名字包括保罗、罗马的革利免、路加、巴拿巴、彼得(或其代笔人西拉)、犹大、司提反、腓利(徒六5)、亚理斯提安、百基拉(和亚居拉)、马利亚、以巴弗,和亚波罗。4以下选取部分的名字略加讨论。

1 so Isaacs 46-47. Cf. Westcott xliv; 'The language of the Epistle is both in vocabulary and style purer and more vigorous than that of any other book of the N.T.'

2 Cf., e.g., Ellingworth 37; Isaacs 48-49; Bruce III 15 n.61; McCullough, 'Research on Hebrews II' 28-31.

3 So Buchanan 263. 撒玛利亚人的圣经正典只包括摩西五经(EBD 907a),撒都该人则视摩西五经为具有独特的权威,是旧约其他部分所不及的(EBD 902; W. J. MoulderISBER 4.279b).

4 Cf. Ellingworth 3-21. 此外还可加上提摩太(Attridge II 5a with n.41)、亚居拉(dods 229),和启示录的作者耶路撒冷的约翰(L. Herrmann, as reported in NTA §12[1967-68]-990).

保罗

在现存的最早包括希伯来书的一分古卷5里,本书被置于保罗的书信中,放在罗马书之后。这个位置反映了二世纪中叶时东方教会──更明确地说,亚历山太教会──对本书的作者(保罗)及文学类型(书信)的流行看法。根据优西比乌(约265-339)的记载:(一)亚历山太的革利免(约155-220)认为:本书是由保罗以希伯来文写成,然后由路加译成希腊文的;由于此信的对象是希伯来人,而他们对保罗存有偏见疑心,故此保罗就谨慎行事,把自己的名字省略不提。(二)俄利根(约185-254)则认为,本书是使徒保罗的一个门徒把保罗的思想写下来的结果;至于谁写成本书,就只有上帝晓得了。6虽然革利免和俄利根都不直接以保罗为本书的作者,但在第三世纪时,保罗是希伯来书的作者此看法已为东方的教会普遍采纳;亚他拿修(约296-373)的第卅九份节日文告(367),列出了保罗的十四封书信,希伯来书被放在帖撒罗尼迦后书和提摩太前书之间。7

西方教会(意大利及北非)则一直拒绝接受保罗为本书作者,直到四世纪末叶,才在耶柔米(约345-419)和奥古斯丁(354-430)的影响下改变了它的立场。希坡大公会议(393)和迦太基第三次大公会议(397),仍然区别“使徒保罗的十三封书信”和“同一作者的希伯来书”;但迦太基第六次大公会议(419),则好像理所当然地提到保罗的“十四封书信”。8其实,奥古斯丁和耶柔米随亚历山太教会之先例承认本书为保罗的作品,主要不是因他们被本书的内证说服,而是因为以本书为使徒的作品可以保护本书的正典地位;因为在基督教的最初数个世纪中,正典和作者的问题常彼此牵涉,本书尤其是这样。亚历山太教会强调正典的一面,既认为本书(因其本身的素质)应被列入正典之内,便把它与保罗的书信并列一起;西方教会则强调作者的一面,既认为本书并不是保罗所写,便(起初错误地)否认它的正典地位(其实本书的正典地位不必依赖它是保罗的作品)。这就是说,希伯来书本身的优越性质使它不能不被纳入正典之内,而似乎早期教会把它纳入正典的途径,就是给它披上使徒保罗的外衣!9

从上述的大公会议时起,保罗为本书作者的看法便同为东方及西方教会所接纳,直至宗教改革时期才由伊拉斯姆、路德及加尔文等人对此看法提出质疑。10罗马天主教之天特会议(反改教运动的主要工具)于1546四月八日重申希伯来书是保罗的十四封书信之一;但此立场到1914年被教皇所任命的圣经委员会减弱了:他们对本书作者问题的判决是,不必认为本书现在的形式是使徒保罗所赋予的。11自此以后,愈来愈多的罗马天主教学者也相信保罗并不是(连间接地也不是)本书的作者,本书乃保罗的一个门生之作。12保罗是希伯来书的作者此一立场,在今天的圣经学术界中已普遍被弃而不纳了。13

虽然本书的神学思想有多处与保罗的神学思想吻合,足以表示作者是保罗圈子的一分子,14但他极不可能是保罗,因为:(一)作者不但完全没有声称自己有使徒的权柄,连自己的名字也没有提及,这做法完全不像保罗。(二)二章三节表示,作者是从耶稣传道工作的目击者那里领受福音的,这与保罗的声称(加一12:福音临到他的方式,是上帝把基督启示给他15)迥异。(三)本书十分优雅的文体和非常工整的句子结构,跟保罗书信较粗糙的文体亦有显著的分别。16若本书的读者是希伯来人(见下文第二节的讨论),此点便更不利于作者是保罗之说:为什么保罗以这么优雅的文体写信给希伯来人,却在其他的书信以那么粗糙的文体写给说希腊语的读者?17(四)本书的字汇跟保罗书信的字汇之间有众多明显的分别,这些字汇包括:有关知识和启示的字;表达感情的字;有关生命和死亡的字;关乎能力、争战和审判的字;其他有关人的结构及伦理方面的字;有关上帝子民的字;敬拜方面的字(包括用来讨论信徒群体内之关系的字);提及作者本身的处境及工作的字;上帝的名字和称号。甚至当本书与保罗论及相同的课题时,二者亦有使用不同的同义词来加以发挥的趋势。18(五)在神学思想方面,本书与保罗之间亦有重要的分别,例如:保罗强调基督的死与复活,本书则强调祂的受死与被高举,只有一次提到祂的复活(十三20;参该节注释第五段);基督的大祭司身分和工作是本书的中心课题,但保罗并无提及基督是大祭司;对保罗来说,律法主要是代表上帝旨意的伦理性的要求,本书作者论及律法时,其着眼点却是在于律法乃整套有关祭司、祭献、崇拜礼仪等事宜的律例(参七12注释第三段)。(六)作者所引的旧约经文皆出自七十士译本,但保罗的引句包括一些与希伯来文圣经相同、而与七十士译本有别的经文;19保罗常用“如经上所记〔“记”原文作“写”〕”(例如:罗一17)这引介公式,并多次提出引句的出处(例如:罗四6-7“大卫……说”;九25“神在何西阿书上说”、29“以赛亚先前说”);20本书作者则甚少提及引句的出处(参四7),而喜用“有人在……某处……说”(二6)或“有一处说……又有一处说”(四45)等较含糊的讲法,并且从没有用经上“记”着这个讲法(十7的“记载”是引句的一部分)。21基于上述及其他的理由,希伯来书的作者并非保罗已是今天圣经学术界公认的定论。

5 三世纪早期的Chester Beatty papyrus (P46)

6 Cf. Westcott lxvi-lxviii; Ellingworth 4-5.

7 Westcott lxxiilxxiv.

8 Bruce III 17. 同书页2396指出,我们所熟悉的希伯来书在新约中的位置(在十三封保罗书信之后),反映了“早期的西方教会迟迟不接受本书为保罗之作”此一事实。

9 依次见:Bruce III 22-23; Westcott lxxi; Dods 221. Cf. Perrin, INT 137; d. GuthrieISBER 2.665b.

10 Cf. Westcott lxxiv-lxxv.

11 依次见:E. DinklerIDB 2.572b; Marxsen, INT 221.

12 Cf. Ku/mmel, INT 394; McCullough, 'Research on Hebrews' 142; Ellingworth, 'Anticipation' 6b.

13 在一些较通俗的注释书中则仍然出现,例如:司迪民5;李63。后者“确信希伯来书是使徒保罗写的,因为在本书的末了题到提摩太”。但以此为理由可说产生了反效果('this turns out to be a boomerang', Harrison, INT 376),因为保罗惯用的次序不是“兄弟提摩太”(十三23),而是“提摩太〔……〕弟兄”(详见该节注释首段末)。

14 详见Hurst 107-24;参十三23注释注3

15 参冯:“真理”30-32; FungGalatians 53-54.

16 Cf. Westcott xlvi-xlvii; MHT 4.106-13 (on Hebrews; 'he avoids all roughness' [106]), 80-100 (on Paul; esp. 85-86'harshness of style').

17 So F. Godetas cited in Harrison, INT 377.

18 详见Ellingworth 7-12.

19 Cf. Ellis, Paul's Use of the Old Testament 150-52(留意第三类别)。

20 详见 Ellis,同上书155-85.

21 Cf. Harrison, INT 378.

罗马的革利免

本书作者是革利免或路加,早于俄利根的时代已是个传统的说法,此说法亦为加尔文所采纳。22不过,韦斯葛主教早已指出,虽然表面上革利免壹书跟本书在用词及格式方面有十分明显的相似之处,但是两份作品在这两方面的分歧之处远超其相似之处;更为重要的,两份作品在思想的广度、教义的深度,以及先知的洞见这些方面的分别之大,使人无法认为二者是出自同一作者的手笔。23革利免引用利未的礼仪律例来支持他对教会职事之性质的看法,这做法与本书的主要论点背道而驰;24革利免又把那些“披着绵羊山羊的皮各处奔跑”的人(来十一37;参该节注释末段)错误地解为以利亚和以利沙(革利免壹书十七1),单此误解足以证明他并非本书的作者。25

22 Cf. Ellingworth 13; Calvin 216.

23 So Westcott lxxvii, Cf. Montefiore 2; Kuemmel, INT 402.

24 Cf., e.g., Ellingworth 13; Carson-Moo-Morris, INT 396.

25 So Bruce, 'History of New Testament Study' 22

路加

亚历山太的革利免留意到本书的文字跟路加著作的文字之间的相似处,这使他认为本书是路加把保罗的原着从希伯来文翻译过来的。这个见解不可能是正确的,因为本书的内证显示,希腊文的经文是作者原来所写的文字,不是任何一种形式之亚兰文的翻译。这种内证包括以下数点:(一)作者所用的字汇、体裁及本书的辞令性质都引至这个结论。例如:一些复合动词并没有相等的亚兰文动词(例如:五2“体谅”,十二1“容易缠累”)。(二)九章十五至十七节的论据,有赖于“约”与“遗命”都是同一个希腊字可以有的两个意思(详见九16-17注释)。(三)作者所用的旧约引句,除了十章三十节上半那一句(参该节注释第二段),都是出自七十士译本,即使七十士译本与希伯来原文有出入的时候,也是这样。例如:二章七节“比天使”的希伯来原文(诗八5)最自然的意思是“比神”(和合小字,参新译页边注;亦参二7a注释首段);十章卅八节下半的引句(哈二4a)与希伯来文原句不同;十二章六节的“鞭打”(箴三12)在希伯来文原句作“正如父亲”。(三)有时作者的论点是依赖所引自七十七译本的经文的某些特别之处,故此所用的引句不可能是作者在把亚兰文翻译为希腊文的过程中首先引进来的。例如:十章五至十节的论点是依赖七十士译本诗篇卅九篇七至九节(马索拉抄本四十篇六至八节),尤其是该篇第七节“你曾给我预备了身体”一句(马索拉抄本原句作“你已经开通我的耳朵”),才建立起来的(详见十5-6注释首二段及末二段)。26虽然本书与路加在文字上有相似之处是不容否认的事实,但这些相似处却不足以证明路加就是本书的作者,两个作者在文字上之所以相似,可能是由于他们(尤其是本书作者)比任何其他的新约作者都更接近希腊文学所用的文字模式。27事实上,路加福音和使徒行传所反映的是外邦人的背景,本书所反映的却是浓厚的犹太色彩。28

26 以上理由见:Westcott xxxiv; Lindars 16. 新近有释经者则认为,本书是司提反的自辩讲道(徒七)之延续──路加写此书的目的,是要继续司提反那篇被中继的讲章,尤其是要对使徒行传六章十三、十四节的指控作出回应;so T. Jelonekas reported in NTA §301986-1222, §321988-283, §341990-309.

27 依次见:Westcott xlvii-xlviii; MHT 4.106; Bruce III 19n.83.

28 Cf. D. Guthrie, ISBER 2.666b, NTI 677; Gundry, Survey 333.

巴拿巴

巴拿巴是生于居比路说希腊语的利未人(徒四36),是他把归主后的保罗推荐给耶路撒冷的使徒(徒九27),他又在安提阿代表使徒,可见他在耶路撒冷是受尊重的;他支持安提安教会向外邦人宣教的工作(徒十一19-26),其后又成为保罗的宣教伙伴(徒十三1-十四28)。这种背景使他同样适合向犹太人及外邦人宣教。路加说“巴拿巴的意思是鼓励者”(徒四36,现中);不管从辞源学的角度这意思是如何得来的,巴拿巴的确是一位鼓励者(参徒九27,十一23,十五37)。作者称本书为一篇“劝勉〔原文与鼓励相同〕的话”(十三22),它若是由具有上述背景的鼓励者巴拿巴写出来,那是完全合适的事。29

不过,此说有至少以下几点困难:(一)“鼓励者”(徒四36)与“劝勉的话”(来十三22)之间的对应情形纯属巧合:原文在新约是个普通的字,绝不足以成为将后者的作者认同为前者的根据。(二)即使假设巴拿巴具有写成本书的能力,但是由于他并无真确的作品可供比较──所谓的“巴拿巴书”较可能是二世纪初叶亚历山太的一位外邦基督徒写的30──我们便几乎完全没有可以用来断定他确是本书作者的资料。(三)使徒行传十四章十二节提示,巴拿巴的口才不及保罗;这使人不预期巴拿巴会写出在修辞上像本书那么出色和有效的作品。(四)巴拿巴是早期教会的知名人士,若果不是出自他的手笔的“巴拿巴书”尚且被人认为是他写的,那么倘若他真是希伯来书的作者,为什么这事实竟会被人完全遗忘了?31

29 支持巴拿巴为本书作者的释经者包括RobinsonRedating 217-20 ; P. E. Hughes 24-29; H. Mulderas reported in NTA §10 (1965-66)-621.

30 So J. R. MichaelsISBER 1.206a.

31 依次见:(1)Dods 228; Carson-Moo-Morris, INT 396; (2)Guthrie, NTI 675; (3)Ellingworth 15; (4)Harrison, INT 375 (with reference to F. Godet).

百基拉(及亚居拉)

德国学者汉纳克于1900年建议,本书作者为亚居拉及百基拉夫妇,其中以百基拉为主手。此说的论据如下:本书作者是个很有修养的教师,而亚居拉夫妇符合此项资格,因他们曾将神的道向亚波罗详细讲解(徒十八26);作者是属保罗圈子的人(参十三23注释首段),而这对夫妇被保罗称为他的“同工”(罗十六3);作者与提摩太有联系(十三23),而这对夫妇和提摩太都曾于哥林多(徒十八35,十九22)及以弗所(徒十八18-28;林前十六1019;参提后四19)一同与保罗在一起;作者是罗马一家庭教会的成员(本书大抵是写给该教会的),而这对夫妇正是罗马一家庭教会的主人(罗十六5);信上除了作者自称的“我们”及包括作者与读者在内的“我们”之外,还有第三种的“我们”,就是包括作者与另一人的“我们”,这用法对一对夫妇来说是很合宜的;至于作者的名字被罗马教会遗忘,可能是由于教会深受保罗禁止妇女在教会中施教的教训之影响所致。32但是此说难以成立,因为(一)信上出现多次的单数“我”字(十一32,十三192223)清楚显示作者只是单独一人;(二)十一章卅二节的“细说”原文是阳性的单数分词,硬将此阳性分词看为百基拉用以掩饰其真正身分的文学技俩,是难以另人信服的牵强做法。33

32 A. Harnack, as cited in Dods 228. Cf. Bruce III 18-19.

33 “细说”原文为阳性此点同样不利于作者为马利亚之说;此说见 J. M. Ford, as reported in NTA §20(1976)-897.

亚波罗

马丁路德猜测,本书作者是亚波罗;此建议获得不少支持。34亚波罗被路加描写为“很有口才,擅长讲解圣经”(徒十八24〔新译〕,参27-28节),这描写符合本书作者。“他生在亚历山太”(同上)的事实,与本书作者的旧约引句完全出自七十士译本的事实相符(此译本是在亚历山太制成的)。百基拉和亚居拉(他们大抵熟悉保罗的教训)曾把神的道向亚波罗详细讲解(徒十八26),而且亚波罗与保罗是友好的关系(林前十六12;参多三13),这足以解释为何本书的神学跟保罗的神学有相似之处。可是,亚波罗是本书作者之说至少有以下的困难:(一)并无证据显示亚波罗曾撰写任何东西,或显示他是使徒时代惟一个“很有口才,擅长讲解圣经”的亚历山太人,或是他比所有同期的人更具备这些素质;他具有这些素质不等于说他就是本书的作者。35(二)早期的教会传统完全没有提到亚波罗是本书作者。革利免壹书(四十七1)提到,保罗曾在他写给哥林多教会的信上“就他自己和矶法和亚波罗”嘱咐他们;倘若亚波罗是本书的作者,那么当革利免引用本书时,我们可合理地预期他会提及亚波罗的名字,尤其因为革利免壹书是写给哥林多教会的,而亚波罗曾在该教会中扮演了显著的角色(参林前一12,三22,四6);可是革利免并没有这样作。同样,若亚波罗是本书的作者,则亚历山太教会理当对这位亚历山太的杰出苖裔写了本书的事有所认识和记录;可是,亚历山太的革利免和俄利根都惯性地引本书为保罗之作,而俄利根显然并不认识任何将本书与亚波罗拉上关系的臆说。36

34 See Attridge II 4 with n.28;除了该处所提的书目外,还可加上Hunter, 'Apollos the Alexandrian' 155-56.

35 Cf. Westcott lxxix.

36 Cf. Robinson, Redating 216-17; Bruce III 18.

结论

上文没有讨论的其他臆测(参本节第二段,及注4)同样有类似的反对理由。总言之,关于本书作者的问题,我们得到以下的结论:(一)本书作者极不可能是保罗。(二)我们几可肯定读者知道作者是谁(十三19),但本书究竟是谁写的,“神知道事情的真相”(俄利根的名句)。37许多释经者都乐意承认他们不晓得本书的作者是谁。38(三)晓得作者是谁固然会有助于本书的了解;但不晓得他的身分也不致严重地影响释经的工作,或是对本书的背景、写作日期和写作原因等问题的了解。39(四)我们既不知道作者是谁,也不知道他写此书时身在何处;书中惟一的提示似乎表示他是在意大利之外(参十三24注释第二段)。

37 引于优西比乌教会史6.25.13,转引于(例如)Bruce III 20; Ellingworth 5.

38 E.g., Dods 234; Moffatt xx; Schneider 1; Attridge II 5b; Kuemmel, INT 402; Carson-Moo-Morris, INT 397; Collins, 'Hebrews' 54; D. Guthrie, IBD 629a; McCullough, 'Researchon Hebrews' 142.

39 Cf. Marxsen, INT 221; Robinson, Redating 220; Guthrie, NTI 682; D. Guthrie, ISBER 2.667a.

贰 希伯来书的读者

从最早的希伯来书古卷(参上一节注5)开始,本书的标题便是“致希伯来人”;1所有的希腊文古卷都有此标题,亦无证据显示本书曾有任何其他的名字。虽然这标题很可能不是出自作者手笔,而是后来有编者为着方便提及本书而加上的,但此标题至少反映了早期对本书读者身分的一种普遍的信念。2由于本书原来的文字肯定是希腊文(参上一节“路加”之下的讨论),这标题内的“希伯来人”一字的意思很可能是与“希腊人”相对的“犹太人”,而不是与“说希腊语的犹太人”相对的“说亚兰语的犹太人”。3无论如何,要确定读者的身分,比起标题所提供的这种外证更重要的根据,就是本书的内证。

1 Pros Hebraious. Synge 43-52将此片语译为'against Hebrews or Jews' (44),因他认为本书是写给犹疑不决的犹太人,催促他们决志归信基督。但此说殊不可能正确,因为(一)读者显然已经是基督徒(三1614,四14,六4-6〔详参该处注释〕、9,十232632-3439,十二22-24);(二)此标题像保罗书信的标题一样,而后者的意思绝不是'against the Romans'等。Cf. Ellingworth 21-22.

2 Cf. Westcott xxxv: Guthrie, NTI 683.

3 So Ellingworth 21.

外邦基督徒

一些释经者认为读者是或主要是外邦信徒。4用来支持此说的理由包括以下数点 :(一)作者若要以基督教的基本要义再次教导犹太基督徒(五12-14),他不会需要提到六章一至二节所说的那些项目,因为那些项目是向外邦人宣教的信息中的基本信条。(二)三章十二节警告读者不要“把永生神离弃”,这句话指向外邦信徒过于犹太信徒。(三)“死行”(六2,九14)并不适用于犹太人身上。(四)十三章九节提到一些怪异的犹太教训及饮食的条例,并以那些在此等事上专心的人作为读者的鉴戒,这不可能是对犹太信徒说的。

可是,(一)作者在五章十二至十四节是用了讽刺的技俩(参五12b注释第二段末),他并无意思要以基督教的基本道理再次教导读者,反而明说要领他们“离开基督道理的开端”(六1)。更为重要的,在六章一至二节构成“懊悔死行、信靠神”之基础的那些教训(即是有关“各样洗礼、按手之礼、死人复活、以及永远审判”的教训),都假定了犹太教的背景(详参六1b-2注释),这暗示读者是犹太人。(二)对作者来说,因不信而放弃基督教就是把永生神离弃,不管背道者是外邦信徒或是犹太信徒(参三12注释末段);他以摩西领导下的以色列人因不信不得进入安息为“离弃永生神”的鉴戒(三7-19),显明犹太人不信也是离弃永生神,不管他们是古代的或是一世纪的犹太人。(三)“死行”是指信徒信主之前那些引致死亡的行为(参罗六2123),不分犹太人或外邦人,都需要悔改离开那些罪行。5(四)十三章九节的“怪异”一字,其意思不是“陌生、不熟悉”,而是“外来的”,即是来自别的宗教、与正统的福音真理不符;因此,若所指的是犹太人于节日时在会堂举行的“相交的餐”(参十三9a-b第一、四段),亦不会与读者为犹太信徒的假设发生冲突。(五)读者为外邦信徒之说的一个主要困难,就是书中没有(像保罗在其信上所作的)提到异教社会的信仰和习俗;6此外,若读者是有重新陷入无宗教信仰的状况之危险的外邦信徒,则作者如此详尽地比较基督教与旧约宗教,是令人费解的。

4 E.g., Ku/emmel, INT 399-400; Vos II 11-23 (esp. 15-19).

5 Cf. Bruce III 5-6.

6 So Montefiore 16.

混合的教会

一些释经者认为,读者是由外邦人与犹太人合成的教会,其中以犹太信徒占显著的地位。用来支持此说的一个理由是:书中有关婚前及婚外性关系的警告(十三4,参十二16)不可能是为犹太信徒而写,乃是为原先是异教徒的信徒写的。可是,罗马书二章廿二节对犹太人的指控(“你说人不可奸淫,自己还奸淫吗?”)显示,7上述的理由并非决定性的。另一个理由是:作者一贯地避免使用跟犹太人与外邦人的区别有关的字词,这可能是由于在读者所构成的混合教会中,犹太信徒与外邦信徒之间曾有紧张的关系存在,此问题已告解决,而作者不欲重新引起他们之间的问题;作者不说“我们的祖宗”而只说“列祖”(一1),又避免提及在旧约引句的意域中所提及的外邦人,这些都被用来支持此说。8可是,若读者中有外邦信徒,“他〔基督〕并不救拔天使,乃是救拔亚伯拉罕的后裔”(二16)这类的话是会令他们不快的;作者不提犹太信徒与外邦信徒的关系,较自然的解释是读者当中可能并无外邦人。9

7 Barrett (Romans 57)将这里的“奸淫”解为属灵意义上的对神不忠,Cranfield (Romans 168-69)则按太五27-32所提示的路线来解释;但是Dunn (Romans 113)正确地指出,在先知书里亦有类似的指控(结廿二9-11;玛三5;参耶廿九23),所指的显然是普通意义的奸淫。

8 Cf. Ellingworth 10, 22 n.67, 25-26.

9 依次见:Dods 231; Westcott xxxvi.

犹太基督徒

这看法有很强的理由支持。(一)作者重复申述旧的约已被新的约所取代;读者若不是有重新生活在此旧约之下的试探或趋势,作者这种做法是无意义的。(二)作者显然预期读者完全熟悉旧约圣经的人物、制度(尤其是祭祀的制度,例如:九1-10)、经文以及“摩西的律法”(十28;此外只称为“律法”)。(三)作者常引用旧约圣经来支持他的论点,这表示他相信读者会承认旧约圣经的权威。若读者是犹太信徒,即使他们对福音的忠诚有所减退,他们仍会承认旧约圣经的权威;但若他们是外邦信徒,在他们信心动摇有意放弃基督教的时候,便不大可能会继续接受旧约圣经的权威。(三)不但如此,作者假定读者接受旧约圣经权威的一些话,暗示读者接受犹太人的前设;例如,七章十一节说:“如果藉着利未人的祭司制度能达到完全的地步,……为什么还需要……另外兴起一位祭司……呢?”(新译)这话暗示,读者可能误以为利未的祭司职任能使人获得完全;若读者是犹太信徒而有重归犹太教的试探,这种想法是可理解的;但若读者是有意放弃基督教的外邦信徒,则他们对七章十一节的回应自然是──“我们从来没认为利未的祭司职任能使人获得完全!”(参八7)。(四)若读者是外邦基督徒的话,我们便得为“让我们也出到营外到祂〔耶稣〕那里去”(十三13,新译)这句话找寻某种合理的解释;但若读者是犹太信徒,这句话就容易理解得多了(参该节注释最后两段)。10

与此同时,认为读者是归信了基督的祭司(参徒六7),或包括昆兰社团的前成员在内等见解,并不为多数的学者所接纳。在这方面,卜鲁斯教授认为我们顶多只能说,读者的宗教背景可能不是拉比传统所代表的标准犹太教,而是有别于犹太教主流的“反传统犹太教”,以色尼派和昆兰社团是后者出色的代表,却不是惟一的代表。11

10 上述理由见:Bruce III 6-7; Ellingworth 23; Carson-Moo-Morris 402-03.

11 So Bruce III 8; cf. Carson-Moo-Morris 403; Bruce, '"To the Hebrews"'esp. 232. “反传统犹太教”是'nonconformist Judaism'的翻译。

明确的群体

很明显地,读者是作者所认识的一个基督徒群体:作者曾与他们有个人的连系,他请求他们为他祈祷,特别是使他可以快点回到他们那里(十三18-19,参23节)。“不可忘记用爱心接待客旅”的嘱咐(十三2)提示我们,他们可能是城市中人(参十三14)。12他们显然像作者一样来自说希腊语的文化环境;书中亦有一些迹象,提示他们的宗教背景是巴勒斯坦以外的、说希腊语的犹太会堂所代表的犹太教13(参上一段)。他们是从耶稣传道工作的目击者那里得闻福音的(二3);他们原先的领袖已经去世(十三7)。信主后,他们曾因他们的信仰遭受辱骂和苦难(十32-34),不过尚未至于殉道的地步(十二4)。他们亦以实际的爱心行动服事圣徒(六10,参十33-34)。另一方面,他们在信仰的路上有停滞不前(五11-14)、疲惫不振(十二12-13)的表现;似乎在他们当中,有人已经放弃聚会(十25)。十三章廿四节上半提示我们,读者是一个城市基督徒群体内的一个家庭教会(详见该节注释首段)。14

12 Cf. Lane II liii.

13 详见Lane II liv-lvcf. cxxiv, 第四段)。

14 Cf., e.g., Ellingworth 26; Bruce III 9; DraneINT 430a; D. Guthrie, ISBER 2.667. Lane I 28, II liii猜想,他们的人数也许不超过十五至二十人。Lane II liii又认为,作者将读者描写为上帝的“家”(三6b,十21),可能是有意暗指他们是个家庭教会。此说值得置疑,因为“神的家”一词亦见于提前三15及彼前四17,这表示它是指教会的一个固定用语。

读者所在地

有释经者根据十二章廿二节推论,读者是忠诚的锡安主义者,他们从原居地返回应许之地,收信时身在耶路撒冷;15可是,该节所暗示的对比其实是天上之耶路撒冷与西乃山的对比,不是说他们来到了地上的耶路撒冷。较笼统地认为读者是在耶路撒冷或其近邻的教会此一看法,16亦有不少困难:若读者是在耶路撒冷,我们便很难明白,为何作者完全没有提及当时在该处的敬拜情形,而只提到旧约会幕的敬拜。二章三节暗示,读者并非耶稣传道工作的目击者,这并不符合耶路撒冷教会至少部分的成员;十二章四节也不适合耶路撒冷的教会,因为司提反和雅各早已成为殉道者(徒七54-60,十二1);“不可忘记……捐输”(十三16)的嘱咐,亦与耶路撒冷教会需要接受经济援助的事实不大协调(参罗十五26;林前十六1-3;加二10;徒十一27-30,廿四17)。

又有释经者认为,本书即是歌罗西书四章十六节所提及那“从老底嘉来的书信”,它是以巴弗针对着敬拜天使的异端写给赖克斯谷之教会,是大约与歌罗西书同时发出的。17此说最大的困难,就是此释经者用了“回到起点的环形辩证法”:赖克斯谷的传异端者必然持某些见解,因为希伯来书所暗地攻击的,就是这些见解;因此,希伯来书必然是针对赖克斯谷的异端而写的。18受信人是哥林多教会之说,很不可能是正确的(详见十三24注释末段)。读者也不大可能是在亚历山太的教会,因为将本书视为保罗之作的见解,最初正是在亚历山太产生的;若本书原先是写给该教会的,则我们难以明白,为何在此书写成的一个世纪之后,亚历山太的教会竟然忘记了作者是谁,反而将此书归在保罗的名下19(参上一节“保罗”之下第一段)。安提阿教会更不用考虑:保罗和巴拿巴的宣教事工是由这个教会发动的(徒十三1-3),而且这教会一直是保罗向外邦人宣教的基地(徒十四26-28,十八22),因此本书五章十一至十四节的一段话对这教会绝不合适20(留意徒十三1提到的“教师”)。

按十三章廿四节下半最自然的解释,作者是在意大利之外写信给意大利境内的读者(详见该节注释第二段),而在意大利境内最重要的教会是在罗马,因此,这些犹太基督徒读者所组成的家庭教会最可能就是在罗马的。笔者认为,这是支持罗马之说最重要的理由。21用来支持此说的理由还包括以下各点:22(一)本书最早被人知道其存在和加以引用是在罗马(革利免在其致哥林多教会的信中引用了本书)。23(二)读者的慷慨(六10,参该节注释末段)与其他资料所显示罗马教会的历史相符。(三)作者用来称呼教会的“领袖”(十三71724)的那个字,在新约以外亦见于与罗马教会有关的早期基督教文献(如革利免壹书、黑马牧人书)。(四)读者在信主后早期所经历的苦难(十32-34)跟那些在主后49年革老丢的喻令下被逐的犹太人所经历的相符。

15 So Buchanan 256. 他认为作者也是在耶路撒冷(263-64). Dunn (Partings of Ways 87)的见解刚好相反:他认为读者很可能是正当犹太与罗马人之战(66-70年),或由于犹太人此次起义被罗马压制,而迁离耶路撒冷或犹太地的一班犹太基督徒。

16 E.g., Westcott xxxv-xlii (esp. xxxix-xli).

17 Jewett 5-10. “赖克斯谷”是'Lycus Valley'的翻译。Cf. Manson, 'Problem of Hebrews' 252-54.

18 So Ellingworth, 'Hebrews in the Eighties' 138. “回到起点的环形辩证法”是'circular argument'的翻译。Jewett 4自己也承认他的辩证法有这种性质的危险,可是他认为若要了解一位古代的作者和他的听众之间的对话,这种险是值得冒的,甚至是无可避免的。

19 So Bruce III 12-13.

20 Cf. Dods 233.

21 Similarly, Ellingworth 29.

22 Cf. Lane II lviii; Guthrie, NTI 698.

23 不过,Marxsen (INT 219)认为此点的作用不大,因本书是写给罗马或发自罗马,革利免都可以引用,亦有其他方法本书可藉以从其他地方来到罗马。

结论

本书的目的地的问题,在学者现有的知识之下,似乎是无法确定的问题。因此,一些释经者选择不对此问题提供任何答案。24幸而,这种不肯定的情况大致上并不严重地影响经文的解释。25不过,罗马之说虽然无法证实,但比起其他有关本书目的地的看法似乎更为合理,亦获得不少(但绝不是所有)释经者的支持。26因此,本注释所采纳的立场就是:本书的读者是在罗马的一群犹太基督徒所组成的一个家庭教会。27

24 Cf., e.g., Schneider 3; A. B. Bruce 7; R. McL. Wilson 11.

25 So Bruce III 14; Carson-Moo-Morris, INT 401.

26 E.g., Grant, HINT 217; E. Dinkler, IDB 2.573a; Perrin, INT 138; Ellingworth, 'Anticipation' 8a.

27 Cf. Dods 233-34; F. F. Bruce, IDBS 395b; Lane II lviii-lx; Ellingworth 27, 29.

 写作原因和目的

希伯来书的一个特色,就是教义性的解释与警告及劝勉的话交替出现(参大纲)。可是,作者在信末却把全书形容为一篇“劝勉的话”(十三22),这就清楚表示,在作者的心目中,书中圣经及神学性的解释只占从属的地位,其功用是提供劝勉的基础,劝勉才是全书的真正目的。1因此,我们可以根据书中的警告和劝勉部分,推论出读者所处的情况,以及作者写此书的原因和目的。

艾灵伟指出,作者用以直接形容或间接提示读者所处之危险的话,大致上可分为三类:2(一)一些主要是消极的话,表示读者在他们的基督徒路程上显得疲乏不振。作者劝勉他们不要“被潮流冲走”(二1,现中)离开了他们所听见的道理;不要“忽略”救恩的信息(二3);不要“被淘汰”(四1,新译),即是被排拒于安息的门外;不要变得无用(六7-8)、“懈怠”(六12)和“疲倦灰心”(十二3);不要“被各样怪异的教训勾引了去”(十三9)。作者责备他们在属灵的追求上停滞不前(五11-14),要他们持定所承认的道(四14),“坚定不移地持守我们所宣认的盼望”(十23,现中);脱去罪的缠累(十二1);使“软弱的膝盖”刚强起来,“走在笔直的路上”(十二1213,现中)。作者又劝勉他们要顺服他们的领袖(十三17),在基督徒群体中彼此相爱、互相帮助(三13,十24-25,十三1-3)。

(二)另一类的话提及至少这样的可能:对神的旨意主动的、甚或永久的背叛。作者提到“存着不信的恶心,把永生神离弃”的危险(三12);提到像旷野一代的以色列民“那不信从的样子”(四11),那是显露在神面前的(四12-13);提到“离弃正道……把上帝的儿子钉在十字架上,公然羞辱他”(六6,现中);提到“故意犯罪”(十26),这罪等于“践踏神的儿子,将……约的血当作平常”(十29);提到“有毒根生出来……叫众人沾染污秽”(十二15);提到拒听上帝的声音(十二25);又屡次劝喻读者要坚信到底(三614,六11)。虽然作者从没有说读者中已经有人犯了背道之罪(六10提示相反的情况),但是他论及背道之罪时所用的严厉的话(二3,六8,十29-31,十二29),显示他必然认为那是一种真实的危险。

(三)书中又提到一些近乎逼迫的外来压力:读者在信主后的早期曾受试炼(十32-34),他们如今又遇到试炼(二18,参四15)和凌辱(十三13),而且试炼可能越发加剧,也许至到有人会殉道的地步(十二4)。

从作者的话看来,读者现在是处于信心的危机之中:他们对所已接受的救恩信息显得散漫了,有些人甚至有“随流失去”的危险(二1-4);作者暗示,他们不再聆听上帝在圣经及在讲道中所发出的声音(二1;三7b-13,五11,十二25),即是不愿意探究福音对生命的实际含意,并以信心和顺从回应之;他们显然已从信主后未几所显出的勇敢见证──与耶稣运动认同、忍受公开的凌辱、监禁及失去产业(十32-34)──退缩下来,如今变得迟钝、懈怠、疲倦灰心、疲备不振(五11,六12,十二312-13)。属灵的冷淡和惰性自然地侵蚀他们的信心和盼望(参三6,六18-20,十23-25,十一1)。他们当中已有人不再参加聚会(十25),其余的人要在一个对他们存敌意的社会中(十二3-4)持守基督徒见证,所经历的压力使他们感到疲倦乏力。在这种信心的危机中,作者特别关心个别的信徒,因为若有人对背道之试探屈服,此罪便会有蔓延的危险(三1213,四111,六11,十二15)。虽然外来的压力(逼迫)是个因素(十二4,十三13),主再来的应许尚待实现似乎也是个因素(十2535-39),3还有一些外来的教训向他们招手(十三9),但读者更显著的问题是他们的信心动摇、盼望被侵蚀;因此作者极为关注,惟恐读者中有人因不小心而至终主动的、故意的拒绝了上帝的恩典,从而在新约的群体中无分(三12-15,四111,六4-8,十26-31,十二15-1725-29)。4

倘若(如上二节所建议的)读者是从犹太教归信基督教的,他们又是在罗马的一个地方教会,在那里犹太教(但非基督教)是受罗马帝国容许的“合法”宗教;则读者很可能经常受到一个试探,就是要不强调(低调处理)、隐藏、忽视、放弃他们信仰中那独特地是基督教的一面,并在遇到危机时拒绝和否认那独特的一面。5换句话说,读者面对的是背道的危险,而书中多次严厉的警告话,亦是针对背道的罪而发的。虽然作者的关注是在于读者不要离弃基督,而不是在于他们离弃基督后回到什么,但全书一贯以利未的祭祀制度与基督的祭司工作作对比,使我们可合理地推论,读者的试探是返回犹太教;6十三章十三节支持这个推论──“出到营外”意即“离开犹太教的营幕”(参该节注释最后二段)。因此,作者写此书的原因,就是读者因信心软弱而有放弃基督教信仰、返回犹太教门槛之下的危险;作者写此书的目的,就是要防止他们这样作。他一方面以极严厉的话警告他们背道的永久结果;另一方面,他积极地将基督描写为上帝最后及至完全的启示,上帝为祂的子民(不论是旧约或新约的子民)所定的一切旨意,都在基督身上完成了。基督尤其是以大祭司的身分,献上了自己为完全的祭献,一次而为永远地成就了旧约的祭祀制度及其牲祭所预示、却无法成就的赎罪之工。故此,持守基督的便获得一切,放弃基督的便失去一切。7

1 So, correctly, Lane II cKu/emmel. INT 390.

2 Ellingworth 78-79.

3 Arowele ('Pilgrim People' 447)认为这就是读者危机的根源。

4 Cf. Lane II lvi-lvii, lxi-lxii.

5 Cf. Ellingworth 80.

6 Cf. Guthrie 33; NTI 689.

7 Cf. Ellingworth 80; Bruce III 9. See also Attridge II 13a; Carson-Moo-Morris, INT 403-04; Drane, INT 431; Gun-dry, Survey 332; EBD 475a; Lehne 16-17,103-04,120; Moule, 'Sanctuary and Sacrifice' 36-37. Lindars 13-14 (cf. 'Rhetorical Structure' 390; 'Hebrews and Temple' 413-17, 429-32)认为,读者欲返回犹太教,是因他们认为福音未能解决他们有罪的良心的问题;此说为Dunn (Partings of Ways 88)所接纳。Isaacs (677577-78101223)则认为,本书是作者对圣殿被毁而引起的信心危机所作的回应。有关本书的写作原因和目的其他的见解,可参Isaacs 24-27;Guthrie, NTI 689-95.

肆 本书的写作日期

革利免壹书(卅六1-6)曾多次引用希伯来书一章,这表示本书的写作日期必然是早于革利免壹书的。后者通常被认为是写于主后96年,1但此点新近受到质疑;有学者认为该书是写于主后70/80140年间。2这样一来,我们便不能倚靠革利免壹书的写作日期来较准确地断定希伯来书最迟的成书日期了。

根据二章三节,作者和读者(“我们”)都是从耶稣传道工作的目击者那里得闻福音的;这些目击者可能是在耶稣复活后那些年间迅速地把福音传到读者那里,又可能是多年之后才把福音传抵读者。不过,这些目击者似乎在读者的群体中扮演了领导的角色,而他们现今已经去世(十三7);加上读者信主已有一段不短的时间(五12;十32-34),故此,本书的写作日期可能不会早过主后5060年。3另一方面,作者说“提摩太已经释放了”(十三23),表示本书显然是提摩太在生之时写成的;提摩太是约于主后49年加入保罗的宣教行列的(参徒十六1-3),不过,我们不知道提摩太当时有多大年纪。假若提摩太当时是个约二十岁的青年人,又假若他被释放时已有六、七十岁,则本书最迟的写作日期便是主后90100年间。4由此看来,本书的写作日期最可能的范围是主后60100年之间。5

在这大前题下,一个主要看法认为本书是写于一世纪的末期:二章三节跟路加福音一章二节的文字十分相似,表示本书作者是属于路加福音及使徒行传之作者那一代的人;本书与革利免壹书,甚或启示录,以及与路加的一些思想的密切关系,都指向一世纪末,即多米田的时期(81-96年);读者所经历过的逼迫(十32-34)以及本书与路加福音及使徒行传属灵方面的近似,指向保罗之后的时期,而读者所面临新的苦难的威胁(十二4)则可能指向多米田的时期,故此本书可能是写于8090年间。6

另一个主要看法则认为本书是写于主后70年之前的。(一)十章卅二至卅四节描写了读者所曾经历的苦难、凌辱、监禁及财物之损失,十二章四节则表示读者当中尚未有人殉道。若读者是在罗马的一个家庭教会(见第二节“读者所在地”的讨论),十二章四节便可能表示本书是写于尼禄王逼害教会(65年)之前的,因为在该次的逼害中不少基督徒丧生。按此了解,十章卅二至卅四节可指部分读者在主后49年革老丢下令驱逐犹太人离开罗马一事上的经历:由于信主与不信主的犹太人在罗马发生激烈的争辩,甚至演变为暴乱,革老丢遂下令将为此次事件负责的会堂及教会领袖驱逐出境,而首当其冲的就是犹太基督徒。对于被逐出境的人来说,受到公开的凌辱,尤其是遭受财物的损失,是正常的情况。7

(二)作者常用现在时态来描写利未制度的祭祀礼仪(五1,七58,八3,九6789132225,十14811,十三11)。此现象本身的意义不大,因为一些肯定是七十年之后的作品也是用现在时态来描写旧约律法的礼仪(例如:约瑟夫、革利免壹书);而且作者所描述的不是圣殿的礼仪,而是会幕的礼仪,因此,他以释经者的身分来描写会幕的礼仪时,自然是从现在的角度描写它。8不过,至少有一些经文,用以上的解释是不能令人满意的。例如:十章一至三节说:若利未制度能使人得以完全,“献祭的事岂不早已止住了吗?因为礼拜的人,良心既被洁净,就不再觉得有罪了。但这些祭物是叫人每年想起罪来”(参十1118)。倘若献祭的事在当时实在已经停止了,我们很难想像作者会对这里的话不加修改或评论(参十2注释首段末);这就暗示,献祭的事尚未止住是一件事实,此事实对作者在这里的论点有基本的重要性。七章十一至廿八节将基督不需更换的大祭司职任,与不断继承的利未大祭司职任作对比;倘若大祭司的继任事实上已因圣殿被毁而停止了,我们难以相信此事实会完全不影响作者在本段的论证方式。若圣殿已经被毁、每日献祭之事已经止住,这消息必然会迅即传到所有流迁之犹太人;若此消息已抵达作者的耳中,他却在书中对此事只字不提,这是令人难以置信的。9虽然这是一种“缄默辩证法”,但是由于作者在第五至十章的整个论点就是,利未制司制度及其下的祭祀礼仪如今已被像麦基洗德一样的大祭司基督的职事所取代,圣殿的被毁(而圣殿的祭祀原则上是会幕祭祀之延续)及献祭之事的停止,对作者的此一论点正好提供了决定性的论据──“上帝容许圣殿被毁、献祭之事被迫结束的事实,决定性地表明了上帝不再需要旧的祭司制度和祭祀礼仪。”因此,作者没有提及圣殿被毁这一点,就构成了有力的“推定的证据”,表示本书是写于主后70年圣殿被毁之前;而证明事实并非如此的责任,便落在认为本书是写于70年后的人的身上了。10

总结以上的讨论,本书的内证较为支持主后70年之前的成书日期;十二章四节则进一步提示,此书可能是在主后65年尼禄王在罗马逼害基督徒之前的不久(但不是很久)写成的。11

1 Cf. D. F. Wright, NIDCC 235a.

2 Cf. Lane II lxii-lxiii; Attridge II 7; Carson-Moo-Morris 398; Ellingworth 29-30.

3 Cf. Carson-Moo-Morris, INT 398; Lane II lxii.

4 Cf. Ellingworth 30; Carson-Moo-Morris, INT 398.

5 So Attridge II 9.

6 依次见:Perrin, INT 137; E. Dinkler, IBD 2.573a; Ku/emmel, INT 403. Cf. EDB 475b 80-85年); Kistemaker 16 80-85年); H. M. Parker, as reported in NTA §24 (1980) - 560(多米田任期之末期)。

7 Cf. Lane II lxiv-lxvi; Ellingworth 31. See also Robinson, Redating 211; Bruce III 269; Guthrie 29; Drane, INT 431b. Isaacs 31-32则认为十32-34很不可能是指49年的事。

8 Cf. E. Dinkler, IDB 2.573a; Lane II lxiii; Isaacs 42.

9 Cf. Robinson, Redating 202-04; Carson-Moo-Morris, INT 399-400; Ellingworth 32.

10 Cf. Manson, 'Problem of Hebrews' 251-52; Ellis, 'Dating the New Testament' 488; Robinson, Redating 205. “推定的证据”即英文的'presumptive proof'.

11 So, e.g., Bruce III 21; Guthrie, NTI 705; Ellingworth 33; Barclay I 55-56; Milligan 5163/64年)。其他的建议包括:主后67(Westcott xlii; Robinson, Redating 215); 64年(罗马焚城)至68年(尼禄自戕)之间(Lane II lxvi); 犹太人与罗马人之战爆发之后(Harrison, INT 380. 另参Ellingworth 33 n.105所列之意见。

伍 文学类型及结构

类型

结构

类型

在新约的古卷传统里,希伯来书总是跟保罗的书信连在一起的,教会的传统亦一直以“书信”一词来称本书,这两点都是希伯来书被描写为一封信的理由。1不过,本书开始时并无一般新约书信(约翰壹书除外)所有的卷首问安语,而是以一十分工整和优雅的完全句(一1-4)作为全书的引言,就像一篇论文的序言一样;这引言是本书真正的序言,在它的前面不可能有另一段今已失传的原来的卷首语(参一1-4注释引言末段结尾)。虽然有释经者认为,本书的原稿可能有一提供有关本书的资料的首页,是贴在本书前面的,此页可能意外地与本书的本体分开了,或是其后有人将本书抄一份给有别于原读者的另一班人的时候,认为首页不再合用而故意把它省掉;不过,此说完全没有古卷的外证支持,采此说的释经者自己也承认这是此说的困难。2此外,若有“编者”将首页删去,他大抵也不会让第十三章保持原状。3也许作者根本无意照足希腊信札的格式,若是这样,本书并无卷首问安语的意义便不太大了。4事实上,这种现象在新约并非本书仅有的:约翰壹书既无卷首问安语,亦无信末结语;雅各书以书信的格式开始,但结束得很突然。

作者称全书为一篇“劝勉的话”(十三22),这就为我们描写了本书的文学性质──本书的主体是一篇讲章(参该节注释第二段),是与流迁之犹太人的会堂中的讲道同类的。这是现今普遍被接纳的结论。5作者技巧地给予读者一个印象,就是他身处他们当中向他们讲道:直至信末附加的项目(十三22-25)一段为止,作者用心地避免提及写或读等字眼(这些字眼会产生作者与读者之间的距离感),而是强调说和听的行动,并且直接与读者认同:“我们所说将来的世界,神原没有交给天使管辖”(二5);“论到麦基洗德,我们有好些话〔要说〕,并且难以解明,因为你们听不进去”(五11);“亲爱的弟兄们,我们虽是这样说……”(六9);“我们所讲的事,其中第一要紧的〔或顶点〕,就是……”(八1);“这几件我现在不能一一细说”(九5);“我又何必再说呢?若要一一细说……时候就不够了”(十一32)。6此外,作者又用了许多辞令式的技俩,例如辞令式的问句(一51314,二3,三16-18,九14,十29)。7从“辞令分析”的角度研究希伯来书的学者发现,不论就其体裁或辩证方式而言,本书都是高度辞令式的一篇讲章;不过,虽然本书的修辞学同时有(甲)强化读者已接受之信念和(乙)劝说他们作正确的抉择及避免不合宜的行动这两种性质,本书却并不完全符合希腊辞令学的手册所描写的类型;这表示作者熟悉这些修辞学的格式,却按他自己的目的而加以修改和运用。8

本书以信札的方式结束(十三22-25)。不过,“我只是简略地给你们写了这封信”(十三22,思高)这话,与本书主体是一篇讲章的事实并无冲突:本书基本上是一篇讲章,是作者要对读者传讲的信息;不过,作者为了某些原因未能亲自在读者当中(十三19),因此他就把它写下来以书信的形式传送给读者。9一世纪的希罗文化基本上是一种着重“口讲”的文化,因此写成的文字亦受着修辞学的影响,而不论讲章或信札都是以口传达的(参冯:“帖前释”482)。10总言之,本书最宜视为一篇写成的讲章,末后加上几句个人性的结语(参十三22注释第二段)。11

1 Cf. Lane II lxix-lxxCarson-Moo-Morris 391.

2 Cf. Ellingworth 61-62.

3 So Westcott xxx.

4 So D. Guthrie, ISBER 2.664; NTI 712 n.3.

5 Cf., e.g., Lane II lxx-lxxiv; Attridge II 14a; Isaacs 18; Hagner, 'Interpreting Hebrews' 233; Collins, 'Hebrews' 21-23; Perrin, INT 137; Marxsen, INT 217; Johnson, Writings 413; Aune, The New Testament 212-14.

6 Cf. Michaels in New Testament Speaks 309; Lane II lxxiv-lxxv.

7 详见MHT 4.107-08.

8 详见Lane II lxxv-lxxx.

9 Cf. Ellingworth 60; Aune, The New Testament 213; Lindars, 'Rhetorical Structure' 383 n.2. 最后这篇文章的题目被评为'misleading' (Lane II lxxviii); Freyne ('Reading Hebrews' 88)亦谓Lindars'rhetorical'一字的用法太过笼统。

10 Cf. Isaacs 18-19; Jobes, 'Hebrews 10:5-7' 185.

11 Martin (Foundations 2.350)认为本书亦可称为被放在一篇论文内的讲道集('a collection of sermons brought together in a single treatise'). 不过,至少就本书的现状而论,它是一篇一气呵成的讲章,而不是将不同的讲章集合而成的结果。

结构

关于希伯来书的文学结构,释经者并无一致的意见。详细的讨论可参连伟廉及艾灵伟的注释。12值得特别留意的一点,就是若根据作者所用的文学技俩分析而得的格式(结构)与内容脱节,这就变成把内容扭歪了,而不是对内容加以澄清;13因此,至少有些时候,内容方面的考虑比纯属文学结构方面的指标来得更重要。14本注释所采纳的结构分析(见目录之下的注释大纲)尝试对格式和内容二方面同时兼顾;详细的理由可见于每一大段(壹、贰、等)及各分段(一、二、三等)的引言部分。

12 Lane II lxxxiv-xcviii; Ellingworth 50-58. See also Attridge II 14-19; Vanhoye I; Vanhoye II. Vanhoye(中译可作“范华”)的分析被Ku/emmel (INT 390)评为“牵强”('contrived'),亦受到其他释经者的批评(e.g., Bligh, 'Structure'; Thornton, 'Review'; Swetnam, 'Hebrews 1-6'; idem, 'Hebrews 7-13'; Lindars, 'Rhetorical Structure' 392 n.2)。另一方面,Montefiore 31认为范华的结构分析具说服力。Black ('Literary Structure' 176)正确地指出,范华的分析至少有一点应普遍被接纳,就是他所指出作者所用的各种明显的体裁上的技俩──预告题目(例如:二17,“慈悲忠信的大祭司”)、过渡性的钩字('hook-words',例如:一4/5,“天使”)、文学类型的改变(例如:一5-14/1-4)、特别的字词(例如:十一章的“因着信”),以及前后呼应('inclusio',例如:一5/13,“所有的天使,神从来对那一个说……”)。

13 Swetnam, 'Hebrews 1-6' 369: 'if form is too much divorced from content it can lead to a distortion of content, not a clarification.'

14 Cf. Lane II 204: 'In this case [8:1-13], considerations of content must take precedence over merely formal indications of literary structure.'

大纲

引言:神藉子说话(一1-4

壹 神子亦是大祭司(一5-18

贰 慈悲忠信的基督(三1-10

 基督的大祭司职分(五11-28

肆 基督的大祭司工作(八1-18

伍 当以坚忍持守所信(十19-十二13

陆 最后的劝勉及教导(十二14-十三21

结语:附加的项目(十三22-25

── 冯荫坤《天道圣经注释──希伯来书》

参考书目

(在书中以作者姓名或姓氏及缩短的书名或文章题目引述)

甲部:中文书刊

乙部:英文书刊

补充书目

甲部:中文书刊

林荣洪着:“基督教神学发展史(一):初期教会”(香港,中国神学研究院1990

周永健:“从荣耀的祭司职分看事奉”,“事奉的人生”,余达心 冯荫坤合编(香港宣道1982),65-87

洪同勉着:“利未记注释”(天道注释丛书;两卷;香港天道199O, 1992

黄锡木:“三本新约希腊文辞典的比较”,“中国神学研究院期刊”,第十三期(一九九二年七月),页129-158

黄锡木:“语言学、释经、译经”,“中国神学研究院期刊”,第九期(一九九○年七月),页71-104

冯荫坤着:“真理与自由:加拉太书注释”(增订版,香港证道1987

冯荫坤着:“腓立比书”(天道圣经注释;香港天道1991〔二版〕)

冯荫坤着:“帖撒罗尼迦前书注释”(天道注释丛书;香港天道1989

冯荫坤着:“帖撒罗尼迦后书注释”(天道注释丛书;香港天道1990

冯荫坤着:“恩赐与事奉:保罗神学点滴”(增订版,香港天道1998

冯荫坤:“新约的事奉”,“中国神学研究院期刊”,第五期(一九八八年七月),页45-76

杨锡锵:“‘事奉’:圣经字义研究”,“事奉的人生”,余达心 冯荫坤合编(香港宣道1982),41-64

鲍会园着:“罗马书(卷上)”(天道圣经注释;香港天道1991

鲍会园着:“歌罗西书注释”(天道注释丛书;香港天道1990/85

邝炳钊着:“但以理书注释”(天道注释丛书;香港天道1989

乙部:英文书刊

Swetnam, J.[1~6] 'Form and Content in Hebrews 1~6', Bib 53 (1972) 368~85

Hurst, L. D.[1~2] 'The Christology of Hebrews 1 and 2', in The Glory of Christ in the New Testament (G. B. Caird FS), ed L. D. Hurst and N. T. Wright (Oxford 1987), 151~64

Smothers, T. G.[1:1~4:13] 'A Superior Model: Hebrews 1:1~4:13', RevExp 82 (1985) 333~43

Koops, R.[1] 'Chains of Contrasts in Hebrews 1', BibTrans 34 (1983) 220~25

Cockerill, G. L.[1:1~14] 'Heb 1:1~14, 1 Clem. 36:1~6 and the High Priest Title', JBL 97 (1978) 437~40

Meier, J. P.[1:1~14] 'Structure and Theology in Heb 1:1~14', Bib 66 (1985) 168~89

Black, D. A.[1:1~4] 'Hebrews 1:1~4: A Study in Discourse Analysis', WTJ 49 (1987) 175~94

Ebert, IV, D. J.[1:1~4] 'The Chiastic Structure of the Prologue to Hebrews', TrinJ N.S. 13 (1992) 163~79

Lane, W. L.[1:1~4] 'Detecting Divine Wisdom in Hebrews 1:1~4', in The New Testament Student and His Field, ed J. H. Skilton and C. A. Ladley (vol. 5 of The New Testament Student; Phillipsburg 1982), 150~58

Robinson, D. W. B.[1:1~4] 'The Literary Structure of Hebrews 1:1~4', AJBA 21 (1972) 178~86

Dormandy, R.[1:1~2] 'Hebrews 1:1~2 and the Parable of the Wicked Husbandmen', ExpT 100 (1988~89) 371~75

Frankowski, J.[1:3] 'Early Christian Hymns Recorded in the New Testament: A reconsideration of the question in the light of Heb 1, 3', BZ 27 (1983) 183~94

Oberholtzer, T. K.[1:5~2:5] 'The Eschatological Salvation of Hebrews 1:5~2:5', BS 145 (1988) 83~97

Meier, J. P.[1:5~14] 'Symmetry and Theology in the Old Testament Citations of Heb 1, 5~14', Bib 66 (1985) 504~33

Harris, M. J.[1:8~9] 'The Translation and Significance of ho theos in Hebrews 1:8~9', TynB 36 (1985) 129~62 [reprinted, with the necessary updating, as 'The Throne of God (Hebrews 1:8~9)', in Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus (Grand Rapids 1992) 205~27]

Grogan, G. W.[2:5~18] 'Christ and His People: An Exegetical and Theological Study of Hebrews 2:5~18', VE 6 (1969) 54~71

Brawley, R. L.[2:8] 'Discoursive Structure and the Unseen in Hebrews 2:8 and 11:1: A Neglected Aspect of the Context', CBQ 55 (1993) 81~98

Elliott, J. K.[2:9] 'When Jesus was Apart from God: an Examination of Hebrews 2:9', ExpT 83 (1971~72) 339~41

O'Neill, J. C.[2:9] 'Hebrews II. 9', JTS n.s. 17 (1966) 82

Hickling, C. J. A.[2:10~18] 'John and Hebrews: The Background of Hebrews 2:10~18', NTS 29 (1983) 112~16

Mitchell, A. C.[2:10] 'The Use of prepein and Rhetorical Propriety in Hebrews 2:10', CBQ 54 (1992) 681~701

Flusser, D.[3~4] '"Today if You Will Listen to this Voice": Creative Exegesis in Hebrews 3~4', in Creative Biblical Exegesis: Christian and Jewish Exegesis through the Centuries, ed B. Uffenheimer and H. G. Reventlow (JSOTSS 59; Sheffield 1988), 55~62

Oberholtzer, T. K.[3:1~4:13] 'The Kingdom Rest in Hebrews 3:1~4:13', BS 145 (1988) 185~96

Ratzlaff, D.[3~4] 'The Rest That Remains: Hebrews 3 and 4', Sabbath in Crisis (Aplegate, CA 1990) 237~49

Grasser, E.[3:1~6] 'Mose und Jesus. Zur Auslegung von Hebr 3:1~6', ZNW 75 (1984) 2~23

Layton, S.C.[3:6] 'Christ over His House (Hebrews 3.6) and Hebrew tybhAl[ rva', NTS 37 (1991) 473~77

Yeo, K. K.[3:7~4:13] 'The Meaning and Usage of the Theology of "Rest" (Katapausis and sabbatismos) in Hebrews 3:7~4:13', AJT 5 (1991) 2~33

Nardoni, E.[3:14] 'Partakers in Christ (Hebrews 3.14', NTS 37 (1991) 146~52

Attridge, H. W.[4:1~11] '"Let us strive to enter that rest": The Logic of Hebrews 4:1~11' HTR 73 (1980) 279~88

Swetnam, J.[4:12~13] 'Jesus as Logos in Hebrews 4, 12~13', Bib 62 (1981) 214~24

Songer, H. S.[4:14~7:28] 'A Superior Priesthood: Hebrews 4:14~7:28', RevExp 82 (1985) 345~59

Schenk, W.[4:14~16] 'Hebraerbrief 4.14~16. Textlinguistik als Kommentierungsprinzip', NTS 26 (1979~80) 242~52

Shuster, M.[4:15] 'The Temptation, Sinlessness, and Sympathy of Jesus: Another Look at the Dilemma of Hebrews 4:15', in Perspectives on Christology (P. K. Jewett FS), ed M. Shuster and R. Muller (Grand Rapids 1991), 197~209

Omark, R. E.[5:7~10] 'The Saving of the Savior: Exegesis and Christology in Hebrews 5:7~10', Int 12 (1958) 39~51

Attridge, H. W.[5:7] '"Heard Because of His Reverence" (Heb 5:7)', JBL 98 (1979) 90~93

Peterson, D. G.[5:11~6:12] 'The Situation of the "Hebrews" (5:11~6:12)', RTR 35 (1976) 14~21

Owen, H. P.[5:11~6:3] 'The "Stages of Ascent" in Hebrews 5:11~6:3', NTS 3 (1956~57) 243~53

Kiley, M.[5:14] 'A Note on Hebrews 5:14', CBQ 42 (1980) 501~03

Wuest, K. S.[6] 'Hebrews Six in the Greek New Testament', BS 119 (1962) 45~53

Adams, J. C.[6:1~2] 'Exegesis of Hebrews VI. 1f.', NTS 13 (1966~67) 378~85

Oberholtzer, T. K.[6:4~12] 'The Thorn-Infested Ground in Hebrews 6:4~12', BS 145 (1988) 319~28

Hohenstein, H. H.[6:4~8] 'A Study of Hebrews 6:4~8', CTM 27 (1956) 433~44, 536~46

Hughes, P. E.[6:4~6] 'Hebrews 6:4~6 and the Peril of Apostasy', WTJ 35 (1973) 137~55

Nicole, R.[6:4~6] 'Some Comments on Hebrews 6:4~6 and the Doctrine of the Perseverance of God with the Saints', in Current Issues in Biblical and Patristic Interpretation (M. C. Tenney FS), ed G. F. Hawthorne (Grand Rapids 1975), 355~64

Sabourin, L.[6:4~6] '"Crucifying Afresh For One's Repentance" (Heb 6:4~6)', BTB 6 (1976) 264~71

Verbrugge, V. D.[6:4~6] 'Towards a New Interpretation of Hebrews 6:4~6', CTJ 15 (1980) 61~73

Sproule, J. A.[6:6] 'Parapesontas in Hebrews 6:6', GTJ 2 (1981) 327~32

Rice, G. E.[6:19] 'Hebrews 6:19: Analysis of Some Assumptions concerning KATAPETASMA', AUSS 25 (1987) 65~71

Swetnam, J.[7~13] 'Form and Content in Hebrews 7~13', Bib 55 (1974) 333~48

Ellingworth, P.[7:1~10] '"Like the Son of God": Form and Content in Hebrews 7, 1~10', Bib 64 (1983) 255~62

Demarest, B. A.[7:3] 'Hebrews 7:3: A Crux Interpretum Historically Considered', EQ 49 (1977) 141~62

Neyrey, J. H.[7:3] '"Without Beginning of Days or End of Life" (Hebrews 7:3): Topos for a True Deity', CBQ 53 (1991) 439~55

Paul, M. J.[7:3] 'The Order of Melchizedek (Ps 110:4 and Heb 7:3)', WTJ 49 (1987) 195~211

Hollander, H. W.[7:11; 8:6] 'Hebrews 7.11 and 8.6: a suggestion for the translation of nenomothete_tai epi', BibTrans 30 (1979) 244~47

Ellingworth, P.[7:24] 'The Unshakable Priesthood: Hebrews 7.24', JSNT 23 (1985) 125~26

Attridge, H. W. [8~10] 'The Uses of Antithesis in Hebrews 8~10', in Christians Among Jews and Gentiles (K. Stendahl FS), ed G. W. E. Nickelsburg and G. W. MacRae (Philadelphia 1986), 1~9 [= HTR 79 (1986) 1~9]

Omanson, R. L.[8:1~10:18] 'A Superior Covenant: Hebrews 8:1~10:18', RevExp 82 (1985) 361~73

Wolmarans, J. L. P.[8:8] 'The Text and Translation of Hebrews 8:8' ZNW 75 (1984) 139~44

Young, N. H.[9] 'The Gospel according to Hebrews 9', NTS 27 (1980~81) 198~210

Camacho, H. S.[9:3~4] 'The Altar of Incense in Hebrews 9:3~4', AUSS 24 (1986) 5~12

Grayston, K.[9:11~14] 'Salvation Proclaimed: III. Hebrews 9:11~14', ExpT 93 (1981~82) 164~68

Kubo, S.[9:11~12] 'Hebrews 9:11~12: Christ's Body, Heavenly Region, or...?' in Scribes and Scripture (J.H. Greenlee FS), ed D. A. Black (Winnona Lake 1992), 97~109

Swetnam, J.[9:11] '"The Greater and More Perfect Tent". A Contribution to the Discussion of Hebrews 9,11', Bib 47 (1966) 91~106

Hughes, J. J.[9:15ff.] 'Hebrews ix 15ff. and Galatians iii 15ff.A Study in Covenant Practice and Procedure', NovT 21 (1979) 27~96

Wild, J. S.[9:15~22] 'The Testamental Significance of diathe_ke_ in Hebrews 9:15~22', Neot 26 (1992) 149~56

Swetnam, J.[9:15~18] 'A Suggested Interpretation of Hebrews 9, 15~18', CBQ 27 (1965) 373~90

Campbell, K. M.[9:16~17] 'Covenant or Testament? Heb. 9:16, 17 Reconsidered', EQ 44 (1972) 107~11

Swetnam, J.[9:26] 'Sacrifice and Revelation in The Epistle to the Hebrews: Observations and Surmises on Hebrews 9,26', CBQ 30 (1968) 227~34

Jobes, K. H.[10] 'Rhetorical Achievement in the Hebrews 10 "Misquote" of Psalm 40', Bib 72 (1991) 387~96

------[10:5~7] 'The Function of Paronomasia in Hebrews 10:5~7', TrinJ N. S. 13 (1992) 181~91

Culpepper, R. A.[10:19~12:2] 'A Superior Faith: Hebrews 10:19~12:2', RevExp 82 (1985) 375~90

Dahl N. A.[10:19~25] 'A New and Living Way: The Approach to God According to Hebrews 10:19~25', Int 5 (1951) 401~12

Young, N. H.[10:20] 'tout' estin te_s sarkos autou (Heb. x. 20): Apposition, Dependent or Explicative?', NTS 20 (1973~74) 100~04

Oberholtzer, T. K.[10:26~39] 'The Danger of Willful Sin in Hebrews 10:26~39', BS 145 (1988) 410~19

Lewis, T. W.[10:38b] '"... And if he shrinks back" (Heb. x. 38b)', NTS 22 (1975~76) 88~94

Cosby, M. R.[11] 'The Rhetorical Composition of Hebrews 11', JBL 107 (1988) 257~73

Miller M. R.[11] 'What is the Literary Form of Hebrews 11?', JETS 29 (1986) 411~17

Morgan, G. C.[11] The Triumphs of Faith: Expositions of Hebrews 11 (Grand Rapids, 1973 reprint)

Betz, O.[11:1] 'Firmness in Faith: Hebrews 11:1 and Isaiah 28:16', in Scripture: Meaning and Method (A. T. Hanson FS), ed B. P. Thompson (Hull University 1987), 92~113

Brawley, R. L.[11:1] 'Discoursive Structure and the Unseen in Hebrews 2:8 and 11:1: A Neglected Aspect of the Context', CBQ 55 (1993) 81~98

Hughes, P. E.[11:3] 'The Doctrine of Creation in Hebrews 11:3', BTB 2 (1972) 64~77

Black, M.[11:11] 'Additional Note on Heb. xi. 11 and the Circumstantial Clause in Hebrews', An Aramaic Approach to the Gospels and Acts (3rd ed.; Oxford 1967/1977), 83~89

van der Horst, P. W.[11:11] 'Sarah's Seminal Emission: Hebrews 11:11 in the Light of Ancient Embryology', in Greeks, Romans, and Christians (A. J. Malherbe FS), ed D. L. Balch, E. Ferguson and W. A. Meeks (Minneapolis 1990), 287~302

Black D. A.[12:1~2] 'A Note on the Structure of Hebrews 12:1~2', Bib 68 (1987) 543~51

Horning, E. B.[12:1~2] 'Chiasmus, Creedal Structure, and Christology in Hebrews 12:1~2', BR 23 (1978) 37~48

Bream, H. N.[12:1] 'More on Hebrews xii. 1', ExpT 80 (1968~69) 150~51

Robb, J. D.[12:1] 'Hebrews xii. 1', ExpT 79 (1967~68) 254

Jones, P. R.[12:3~13:25] 'A Superior Life: Hebrews 12:3~13:25', RevExp 82 (1985) 391~405

Ellingworth, P.[12:3] 'New Testament Text and Old Testament Context in Heb. 12:3', in Studia Biblica 1978 III.Papers on Paul and Other New Testament Authors, ed E. A. Livingstone (JSNTSS 3; Sheffield 1980), 89~96

Watkins, R. T.[12:17] 'The New English Bible and the Translation of Hebrews xii.17', ExpT 73 (1961~62) 29~30

Oberholtzer, T. K.[12:25~29] 'The Failure to Heed His Speaking in Hebrews 12:25~29', BS 146 (1989) 67~75

Koester H.[13:9~14] '"Outside the Camp": Hebrews 13.9~14', HTR 55 (1962) 299~315

Trudinger, L. P.[13:10~13] 'The Gospel Meaning of the Secular: Reflections on Hebrews 13:10~13', EQ 54 (1982) 235~37

Cranfield, C. E. B.[13:20~21] 'Hebrews 13:20~21', The Bible and Christian Life (Edinburgh 1985) 144~50

Allen, E. L.'Jesus and Moses in the New Testament', ExpT 67 (1955~56) 104~06

Allen, L. C.'Psalm 45:7~8 (6~7) in Old and New Testament Settings', in Christ the Lord (D. Guthrie FS), ed H. H. Rowden (Leicester and Downers Grove 1982), 220~42

Anderson, C. P.'Who Are the Heirs of the New Age in the Epistle to the Hebrews?', in Apocalypse and the New Testament (J. L. Martyn FS), ed J. Marcus and M. L. Soards (JSNTSS 24; Sheffield 1989), 255~77

Arowele, P. J.'The Pilgrim People of God (An African's Reflections on the motif of sojourn in the Epistle to the Hebrews)', AJT 4 (1990) 438~55

Attridge, H. W.'New Covenant Christology in an Early Christian Homily', QR 8 (1988) 89~108

-------'Paraenesis in a Homily (logos parakle_seo_s): The Possible Location of, and Socialization in, the "Epistle to the Hebrews"', Semeia 50 (1990) 211~26

Aune, D. E.'Heracles and Christ: Heracles Imagery in the Christology of Early Christianity', in Greeks, Romans, and Christians (A. J. Malherbe FS), ed D. L. Balch, E. Ferguson and W. A. Meeks (Minneapolis 1990), 3~19

------The New Testament in Its Literary Environment (Library of Early Christianity 8; Philadelphia 1987)

Baigent, J. W.'Jesus as Priets: An Examination of the Claim that the Concept of Jesus as Priest may be found in the New Testament outside the Epistle to the Hebrews', VE 12 (1981) 34~44

Biley, J. L., and

Broek, L. D. V.'The Sermon: Hebrews', Literary Forms in the New Testament (Louisville, KY 1992) 191~95

Baldwin, J. G.Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi (TOTC; Leicester 1972/1978)

Barker, G. W.,

Lane, W. L., and

Michaels, J. R.The New Testament Speaks (New Yourk 1969)

Barrett, C. K.The Epistle to the Romans (BNTC; 1957/1973)

-------'The Eschatoloty of the Epistle to the Hebrews', in The Background of the New Testament and Its Eschatoloty (C. H. Dodd FS), ed W. D. Davies and D. Daube (Cambridge 1956), 363~93

Barth, M.Ephesians (AB, 2 vols; Garden City 1974)

-----'The Old Testament in Hebrews: An Essay in Biblical Hermeneutics', in Current Issues in New Testament Interpretation (O. A. Piper FS), ed W. Klassen and G. F. Hawthorne (New York 1962), 53~78 (with notes on 263~73)

Best, E.'Spiritual Sacrifice: General Priesthood in The New Testament', Int 14 (1960) 273~99

Black, II, C. C.'The Rhetorical Form of the Hellenistic Jewish and Early Christian Sermon: A Response to Lawrence Wills', HTR 81 (1988) 1~18

Black, D. A.'The Problem of the Literary Structure of Hebrews: An Evaluation and a Proposal', GTJ 7 (1986) 163~77

Bligh, J.'The Structure of Hebrews', HeyJ 5 (1964) 170~77

Borchert, G. L.'A Superior Book: Hebrews', RevExp 82 (1985) 319~32

Bornkamm, G.Early Christian Experience (London 1969)

Brown, R.'Pilgrimage in Faith: The Christian Life in Hebrews', SWJT 28 (1985) 28~35

Bruce, F. F.The Acts the Apostles (2nd ed.; London 1952/1965)

------The Book of the Acts (NICNT; rev. ed.; Grand Rapids 1988)

------The Epistles to the Colossians, to Philemon, and to the Ephesians (NICNT; Grand Rapids 1984)

------'The History of New Testament Study', in New Testament Interpretation, ed I. H. Marshall (Exeter 1977), 21~59

------'The Kerygma of Hebrews', Int 23 (1969) 3~19

------Men and Movements in the Primitive Church (Exeter 1979)

------The Message of the New Testament (Exeter 1972)

------'Recent Contributions to the Understanding of Hebrews', ExpT 80 (1968~69) 260~64

------'The Structure and Argument of Hebrews', SWJT 28 (1985) 6~12

------'Textual Problems in the Epistle to the Hebrews', in Scribes and Scripture (J. H. Greenlee FS), ed D. A. Black (Winnona Lake 1992), 27~39

------The Time is Fulfilled (Grand Rapids 1978)

------'"To the Hebrews" or "To the Essenes"?', NTS 9 (1962~63) 217~32

Buchanan, G.W.'The Present State of Scholarship on Hebrews', in Christianity, Judaism and Other Graeco-Roman Cults (M. Smith FS), ed J. Neusner (Leiden 1975), 1.299~330

Bulman, J. M.'The Only Begotten Son', CTJ 16 (1981) 56~79

Caird, G. B.'Son by Appointment', in The New Testament Age (B. Reicke FS), ed W. C. Weinrich (2 vols; Macon, GA 1984), 1.73~81

-----'The Christological Basis of Christian Hope', in The Christian Hope by G. B. Caird et al. (SPCK Theological Collections 13; London 1970), 9~24

-----'The Exegetical Method of the Epistle to the Hebrews', CJT 5 (1959) 44~51

Carlston, C. E.'Eschatology and Repentance in the Epistle to the Hebrews', JBL 78 (1959) 296~302

-------'The Vocabulary of Perfection in Philo and Hebrews', in Unity and Diversity in New Testament Theology (G. E. Ladd FS), ed R. A. Guelich (Grand Rapids 1978), 133~60

Carr, G. L.'The Old Testament Love Songs and Their Use in the New Testament', JETS 24 (1981) 97~105

Carson, D. A.A Call to Spiritual Reformation: Priorities from Paul and His Prayers (Grand Rapids 1992)

------Exegetical Fallacies (Grand Rapids 1984)

Carson, D. A.,

Moo, D. J., and

Morris, L.An Introduction to the New Testament (Grand Rapids 1992) [abbreviated as INT]

Casey, J. M.'Christian assembly in Hebrews: a fantasy island?', TD 30 (1982) 323~35

Charles, J. D.'The Angels, Sonship and Birthright in the Letter to the Hebrews', JETS 33 (1990) 171~78

Chester, A. N.'Hebrews: the final sacrifice', in Sacrifice and Redemption: Durham Essays in Theology, ed S. W. Sykes (Cambridge 1991), 57~72

Clements, R. E.'The Use of the Old Testament in Hebrews', SWJT 28 (1985) 36~45

Clowney, E. P.'The Biblical Theology of the Church', in The Church in the Bible and the World, ed D. A. Carson (Exeter and Grand Rapids 1987), 13~87

Cockerill, G. L.'Melchizedek or "King of Righteousness"', EQ 63 (1991) 305~12

Cole, R. A.Exodus (TOTC; Leicester 1973/1979)

Collins, F. R.'The Epistle to the Hebrews', Letters That Paul Did Not Write: The Epistle to the Hebrews and the Pauline Pseudepigrapha (Wilmington, DE 1988) 19~56

Cook, R. R.'Apostasy: Some Logical Reflections', EQ 65 (1993) 147~53

Cranfield, C. E. B.The Epistle to the Romans (ICC; 2 vols.; Edinburgh 1975, 1979)

Cullmann, O.Christ and Time (E.T., rev. ed.; London 1962/1967)

Dahms, J. V.'The First Readers of Hebrews', JETS 20 (1977) 365~75

Davids, P. H.The Epistle of James (NIGTC; Exeter 1982)

Davidson, R. M.Typology in Scripture: A Study of Hermeneutical Structures (Berrien Springs 1981)

Davies, J. H.'The Heavenly Work of Christ in Hebrews', in Studia Evangelica, Vol. IV, Part I, ed F. L. Cross (TU 102; Berlin 1968), 384~89

Dodd, C. H.According to the Scriptures: The Sub-structure of New Testament Theology (London 1952/1965)

-----'Hilaskesthai, its Cognates, Derivatives and Synonyms in the Septuagint', JTS 32 (1931) 352~60 [reprinted in The Bible and the Greeks (London 1935/1954) 82~95]

Dumbrell, W. J.'The Spirits of Just Men Made Perfect', EQ 48 (1976) 154~59

Drane, J.Introducing the New Testament (San Francisco 1986) [abbreviated as INT]

Dunn, J. D. G.Baptism in the Holy Spirit (SBT 2/15; Naperville, IL 1970)

-------The Partings of the Ways Between Christianity and Judaism and their Significance for the Character of Christianity (London and Philadelphia 1991)

-------Romans 1~8, Romans 9~16 (WBC 38A, 38B; Dallas 1988)

Eccles, R. S.'The Purpose of the Hellenistic Patterns in the Epistle to the Hebrews', in Religions in Antiquity: Essays in Memory of E. R. Goodenough, ed J. Neusner (Leiden 1968), 207~26

Ellingworth, P.'Hebrews and the Anticipation of Completion', Themelios 14 (1988~89) 6~11

-------'Hebrews in the Eighties', BibTrans 39 (1988) 131~38

-------'Jesus and the Universe in Hebrews', EQ 58 (1986) 337~50

-------'Just Like Melchizedek', BibTrans 28 (1977) 236~39

Elliott, J. K.'Is Post-Baptismal Sin Forgivable?', BibTrans 28 (1977) 330~32

Ellis, E. E.'Dating the New Testament', NTS 26 (1979~80) 487~502

------Paul's Use of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids 1991 reprint)

Ellison, H. L.The Message of the Old Testament (Exeter 1969)

Fairhurst, A. M.'Hellenistic Influence in the Epistle to the Hebrews', TynB 12 (1961) 17~27

Fischer, J.'Covenant, Fulfilment and Judaism in Hebrews', ERT 13 (1989) 175~87

Fitzmyer, J. A.Essays on the Semitic Background of the New Testament (Society of Biblical Literature and Scholars Press 1974)

Floor, L.'The General Priesthood of Believers in the Epistle to the Hebrews', Neot 5 (1971) 72~82

France, R. T.Matthew (TNTC; Leicester and Grand Rapids 1985)

Francis, D. P.'The Holy Spirit: A Statistical Enquiry', ExpT 96 (1984~85) 136~37

Freyne, S.'Reading Hebrews and Revelation Intertextually', in Intertextuality in Biblical Writings (Bas van Iersel FS), ed S. Draisma (Kampen 1989), 83~93

Frost, S.'Who Were the Heroes? An Exercise in Bitestamentary Exegesis, with Christological Implications', in The Glory of Christ in the New Testament (G. B. Caird FS), ed L. D. Hurst and N. T. Wright (Oxford 1987), 165~72

Fung, R. Y. K.'Function or Office? A Survey of the New Testament Evidence', ERT 8 (1984) 16~39

-------'Ministry in the New Testament', in The Church in the Bible and the World, ed D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids 1987), 154~212

-------'A Study of the homologeo_-homologia Word Group in the Classical and Koine Periods with Particular Reference to the Influence of the Septuagint on the New Testament Usage' (unpublished paper 1970)

Garvie, A. E.'The Pioneer of Faith and of Salvation', ExpT 26 (1914~15) 502~04, 546~50

Gordon, R. P.'Better Promises: Two Passages in Hebrews against the Background of the Old Testament Cultus', in Templum Amicitiae: Essays on the Second Temple presented to Ernst Bammel, ed W. Horbury (JSNTSS 48; Sheffield 1991), 434~49

Grasser, E.'Rechtfertigung im Hebra:erbrief', in Rechtfertigung (E. Ka:semann FS), ed J. Friedrich, W. Po:ehlmann and P. Stuhlmacher (Tu:bingen and Go:ttingen 1976), 79~93

Grant, R. M.A Historical Introduction to the New Testament (New York and Evanston, 1963) [abbreviated as INT]

Gundry, R. H.A Survey of the New Testament (Exeter 1970)

Gunton, C.'Christ the Sacrifice: Aspects of the Language and Imagery of the Bible', in The Glory of Christ in the New Testament (G. B. Caird FS), ed L. D. Hurst and N. T. Wright (Oxford 1987), 229~38

Guthrie, D.'The New Testament Approach to Social Responsibility', VE 8 (1973) 40~59

-----New Testament Introduction (4th ed. [rev.]; Leicester and Downers Grove 1990) [abbreviated as NTI]

Hagner, D. A.'Interpreting the Epistle to the Hebrews', in The Literature and Meaning of Scripture, ed M. A. Inch and C. H. Bullock (Grand Rapids 1978), 217~42

------'The Old Testament in the New Testament', in Interpreting the Word of God (S. Barabas FS), ed S. J. Schultz and M. A. Inch (Chicago 1976), 78~104

Hamm, D.'Faith in the Epistle to the Hebrews: The Jesus Factor', CBQ 52 (1990) 270~91

Hanson, A. T.'Christ in the Old Testament according to Hebrews', in Studia Evangelica, Vol. II, Part I, ed F. L. Cross (TU87; Oxford 1964), 393~407

-------'Hebrews', in It is Written: Scripture Citing Scripture (B. Lindars FS), ed D. A. Carson and H. G. M. Williamson (Cambridge 1988), 292~302

Harrison, E. F.Introduction to the New Testament (rev. ed.; Grand Rapids 1971/1974) [abbreviated as INT]

-------'The Theology of the Epistle to the Hebrews', BS 121 (1964) 333~40

Harrison, R. K.Leviticus (TOTC; Leicester 1980)

Hay, D. M.Glory at the Right Hand: Psalm 110 in Early Christianity (SBLMS 18; Nashville and New York 1973)

Higgins, A. J. B.'The Priestly Messiah', NTS 13 (1966~67) 211~36

Hill, D.Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings: Studies in the Semantics of Soteriological Terms (SNTSMS 5; Cambridge 1967)

Horbury, W.'The Aaronic Priesthood in the Epistle to the Hebrews', JSNT 19 (1983) 43~71

Howard, G.'Hebrews and the Old Testament Quotations', NovT 10 (1968) 208~16

Howard, W. F.'The Epistle to the Hebrews', Int 5 (1951) 80~91

Hughes, P. E.'The Christology of Hebrews', SWJT 28 (1985) 19~27

Hunter, A. M.'Apollos the Alexandrian', in Biblical Studies (W. Barclay FS), ed J. R. McKay and J. F. Miller (London 1976), 147~156

Hurst, L. D.'Apollos, Hebrews, and Corinth: Bishop Montefiore's Theory Examined', SJT 38 (1985) 505~13

------'Eschatology and "Platonism" in the Epistle to the Hebrews', in SBL 1984 Seminar Papers (Atlanta 1985), 41~74

Huxhold, H. N.'Faith in the Epistle to the Hebrews', CTM 38 (1967) 657~61

Isaacs, M. E.Sacred Space: An Approach to the Theology of the Epistle to the Hebrews (JSNTSS 73; Sheffield 1992)

Jeremias, J.'Zur Gedankenfu:hrung in den paulinischen Briefen', in Studia Paulina in Honorem J. de Zwaan, ed J. N. Sevenster and W. C. van Unnik (Haarlem 1953), 146~54

John of TaizeThe Way of the Lord: A New Testament Pilgrimage (Washington D. C./Dublin 1990)

John, M. P.'Covenant-Testament-Will', BibTrans 30 (1979) 448

Johnson, L. T.The Writings of the New Testament: An Interpretation (Philadelphia 1986)

Johnson, S. L.'Some Important Mistranslations in Hebrews', BS 110 (1953) 25~31

Johnsson, W. G.'The Cultus of Hebrews in Twentieth-Century Scholarship', ExpT 89 (1977~78) 104~08

-------'Issues in the Interpretation of Hebrews', AUSS 15 (1977) 169~87

-------'The Pilgrimage Motif in the Book of Hebrews', JBL 97 (1978) 239~51

Johnston, G.'Christ as Arche_gos', NTS 27 (1981) 381~85

Jones, P. R.'The Figure of Moses as a Heuristic Device for Understanding the Pastoral Intent of Hebrews', RevExp 76 (1979) 95~107

Josipovici, G.'The Epistle to the Hebrews and the Catholic Epistles', in The Literary Guide to the Bible, ed R. Alter and F. Kermode (Cambridge, MA 1990), 503~22

Kaiser, Jr., W. C.'The Promise Theme and the Theology of Rest', BS 130 (1973) 135~50

Kelly, D. F.'Prayer and Union with Christ', SBET 8 (1990) 109~27

Kelly, J. N. D.The Epistles of Peter and of Jude (BNTC; London 1969)

-------The Pastoral Epistles (BNTC; London 1963/1972)

Kidner, D.Genesis (TOTC; London 1967)

-----The Proverbs (TOTC; London 1964)

-----Psalms (TOTC; 2 vols; Leicester 1973, 1975)

Kiley, M.'Melchisedek's Promotion to archiereus and the Translation of ta stoicheia te_s arche_s', in SLB 1986 Seminar Papers, ed K. H. Richards (Atlanta n.d.), 236~45

Klassen, W.'To the Hebrews or Against the Hebrews? Anti-Judaism and the Epistle to the Hebrews', in Anti-Judaism in Early Christianity, Vol. 2: Separation and Polemic, ed S. G. Wilson (Waterloo, Ont. 1986), 1~16

Knox, D. B.'The Biblical Concept of Fellowship', in Church, Worship and the Local Congregation, ed B. G. Webb (Explorations 2; Homebush West, NSW 1987), 59~82

Kummel, W. G.Introduction to the New Testament (rev. ed.; London 1975/1979) [abbreviated as INT]

Ladd, G. E.A Theology of the New Testament (Grand Rapids 1974)

------Jesus and the Kingdom: The Eschatology of Biblical Realism (London 1966)

Lane, W. L.'Hebrews: A Sermon in Search of a Setting', SWJT 28 (1985) 13~18

LaSor, W. S.'The Epistle to the Hebrews and the Qumran Writings', The Dead Sea Scrolls aand the New Testament (Grand Rapids 1972/1976) 179~90

Lincoln, A. T.'Sabbath, Rest, and Eschatology in the New Testament', in From Sabbath to Lord's Day: A Biblical, Historical and Theological Investigation, ed D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids 1982), 197~220

Lindars, B.'Hebrews and the Second Temple', in Templum Amicitiae: Essays on the Second Temple presented to Ernst Bammel, ed W. Horbury (JSNTSS 48; Sheffield 1991), 410~33

-----'The Rhetorical Structure of Hebrews', NTS 35 (1989) 382~406

Linss, W. C.'Logical Terminology in the Epistle to the Hebrews', CTM 37 (1966) 365~69

Loader, W. R. G.'Christ at the Right Hand - Ps. cx. 1 in the New Testament', NTS 24 (1977 ~78) 199~217

Loane, M. L.'The Unity of the Old and New Testaments: As Illustrated in the Epistle to the Hebrews', in God Who is Rich in Mercy (D. B. Knox FS), ed P. T. O'Brien and D. G. Peterson (Homebush West, NSW 1986), 255~64

Lombard, H. A.'Katapausis in the Letter to the Hebrews', Neot 5 (1971) 60~71

Longenecker, R. N.'Hebrews and the Old Testament', Biblical Exegesis in the Apostolic Period (Grand Rapids 1975) 158~85

---------'The Melchizedek Argument of Hebrews: A Study in the Development and Circumstantial Expression of New Testament Thought', in Unity and Diversity in New Testament Theology (G. E. Ladd FS), ed R. A. Guelich (Grand Rapids 1978), 161~85

Mack, B. L.Rhetoric and the New Testament (Minneapolis 1990)

MacLeod, D. J.'The Doctrinal Center of the Book of Hebrews', BS 146 (1989) 291~300

-------'The Literary Structure of the Book of Hebrews', BS 146 (1989) 185~97

-------'The Present Work of Christ in Hebrews', BS 148 (1991) 184~200

MacRae, G. W.'A Kingdom that Cannot be Shaken: The Heavenly Jerusalem in the Letter to the Hebrews', Studies in the New Testament and Gnosticism (GNS 26; Wilmington 1987) 98-112

-------'Heavenly Temple and Eschatology in the Letter to the Hebrews', Semeia 12 (1978) 179~99

Man, R. E.'The Value of Chiasm for New Testament Interpretation', BS 141 (1984) 146~57

Manson, T. W.'Martyrs and Martyrdom', BJRL 29 (1956-57) 463~84

-------'The Problem of the Epistle to the Hebrews', Studies in the Gospels and Epistles, ed M. Black (London 1962), 242~58

Marshall, I. H.'The Divine Sonship of Jesus', Int 21 (1967) 87~103

-------Jesus the Saviour: Studies in New Testament Theology (London 1990)

-------Kept by the Power of God (Minneapolis 1974)

Martin, J. P.'Faith as Historical Understanding', in Jesus of Nazareth: Savior and Lord, ed C. F. H. Henry (Grand Rapids 1966), 177~98

Martin, R. P.New Testament Foundations (2 vols; Exeter and Grand Rapids 1975~78)

Marxsen, W.Introduction to the New Testament: An Approach to its Problems (E.T.; Oxford 1968) [abbreviated as INT]

McCullough, J. C.'The Impossibility of a Second Repentance in Hebrews', BibT 24 (1974) 1~7

-------'The Old Testament Quotations in Hebrews', NTS 26 (1979~80) 363~79

-------'Some Recent Developments in Research on the Epistle to the Hebrews', IBS 2 (1980) 141~65

-------'Some Recent Developments in Research on the Epistle to the Hebrews', IBS 3 (1981) 28~45

McKnight, S.'The Warning Passages of Hebrews: A Formal Analysis and Tehological Conclusions', TrinJ 13 n.s. (1992) 21~59

McRay, J.'Atonement and Apocalyptic in the Book of Hebrews', RestQ 23 (1980) 1~9

Miller, M. R.'Seven Theological Themes in Hebrews', GTJ 8 (1987) 131~40

Minear, P. S.'An Early Christian Theopoetic?', Semeia 12 (1978) 201~13

------New Testament Apocalyptic (Nashville 1981/1983)

Morris, L.The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross (2nd ed.; London 1960)

Motyer, J. A.The Day of the Lion (Leicester 1974)

Moule, C. F. D.The Birth of the New Testament (HNTC; New York and Evanston 1962)

-------'Sanctuary and Sacrifice in the Church of the New Testament', JTS n.s. 1 (1950) 29~41

Mugridge, A.'Warnings in the Epistle to the Hebrews: An Exegetical and Theological Study', RTR 46 (1987) 74~82

Murray, J.'The Atonement and the Free Offer of the Gospel', Collected Writings of John Murray, Vol. I (Edinburgh 1976) 59~85

------'The Heavenly, Priestly Activity of Christ', Collected Writings of John Murray, Vol. I (Edinburgh 1976) 44~58

Neufeld, V. H.The Earliest Christian Confessions (NTTS 5; Leiden 1963)

Nicole, R. R.'"Hilaskesthai" Revisited', EQ 49 (1977) 173~77

O'Brien, P. T.'The Church as a Heavenly and Eschatological Entity', in The Church in the Bible and the World, ed D. A. Carson (Exeter and Grand Rapids 1987), 88~119

-------Colossians, Philemon (WBC 44; Waco, TX 1982)

Osborne, G. R.'Soteriology in the Epistle to the Hebrews', in Grace Unlimited, ed C. H. Pinnock (Minneapolis 1975), 144~66

Parsons, M. C.'Son and High Priest: A Study in the Christology of Hebrews', EQ 60 (1988) 195~215

Perrin, N.The New Testament: An Introduction (New York 1974) [abbreviated as NTI]

Peterson, D.'Further Reflections on Worship in the New Testament', RTR 44 (1985) 34~41

------'Prayer in the General Epistles', in Teach Us to Pray: Prayer in the Bible and the World, ed D. A. Carson (Exeter and Grand Rapids 1990), 102~18 (notes on 328~32)

------'The Prophecy of the New Covenant in the Argument of Hebrews', RTR 37 (1978) 74~81

------'Towards a New Testament Theology of Worship', RTR 43 (1984) 65~73

Pryor, J. W.'Hebrews and Incarnational Christology', RTR 40 (1980) 44~50

Reumann, J.'Enigmatic Hebrews: A Rhetorical Appeal for Steadfast Faith in our Great High Priest and in the Better Covenant', Variety and Unity in New Testament Thought (Oxford 1991) 163~88

Rice, G. E.'Apostasy as a Motif and Its Effect on the Structure of Hebrews', AUSS 23 (1985) 29~35

-----'The Chiastic Structure of the Central Section of the Epistle to the Hebrews', AUSS 19 (1981) 243~46

Robertson, A. T.Word Pictures in the New Testament (6 vols, 1933; reprinted Nashville n.d.)

Robinson, J. A. T.Redating the New Testament (London 1976/1977)

Saucy, M.'Exaltation Christology in Hebrews: What Kind of Reign', TrinJ N. S. 14 (1993) 41~62

Schaefer, J. R.'The Relationship between Priestly and Servant Messianism in the Epistle to the Hebrews', CBQ 30 (1968) 359~85

Schoonhoven, C. R.'The "Analogy of Faith" and the Intent of Hebrews', in Scripture, Tradition, and Interpretation (E. F. Harrison FS), ed W. W. Gasque and W. S. LaSor (Grand Rapids 1978), 92~110

Schreiter, R. J.'Hope in Hopeless Situations', In Water and in Blood (New York 1988) 107~20

Schweizer, E.A Theological Introduction to the New Testament (E.T.; Nashville 1991)

Scott, J. J.'Arche_gos in the Salvation History of the Epistle to the Hebrews', JETS 29 (1986) 47~54

Sharp, J. R.'Philonism and the Eschatology of Hebrews: Another Look', EAJT 2 (1984) 289~98

Shedd, P. R.'Worship in the New Testament Church', in The Church in the Bible and the World, ed D. A. Carson (Exeter and Grand Rapids 1987), 120~53

Silva, M.Biblical Words and Their Meaning: An Introduction to Lexical Semantics (Grand Rapids 1983)

----God, Language, and Scripture (Grand Rapids 1990)

----'The New Testament Use of the Old Testament: Text Form and Authority', in Scripture and Truth, ed D. A. Carson and J. D. Woodbridge (Grand Rapids 1983), 147~65

----'Perfection and Eschatology in Hebrews', WTJ 39 (1976) 60~71

Simpson, E. K.'The Vocabulary of the Epistle to the Hebrews. I', EQ 18 (1946) 35~38

-------Words Worth Weighing in the Greek New Testament (London 1946)

Smalley, S. S.'The Atonement in the Epistle to the Hebrews', TynB 12 (1961) 28~35 [first published in EQ 33 (1961) 34ff.]

Stott, W.'The Conception of "Offering" in the Epistle to the Hebrews', NTS 9 (1962~63) 62~67

Swetnam, J.'Christology and the Eucharist in the Epistle to the Hebrews', Bib 70 (1989) 74~95

-----'On the Literary Genre of the "Epistle" to the Hebrews', NovT 11 (1969) 261~69

Tenney, M. C.New Testament Survey (rev. ed.; London 1961/1964)

Thomas, K. J.'The Old Testament Citations in Hebrews', NTS 11 (1964~65) 303~25

Thompson, J. A.Deuteronomy (TOTC; Leicester 1974/1979)

Thornton, T. C. G.Review of A. Vanhoye, La Structure litte*raire de L'Epi^tre aux He*breux (Studia Neotestamentica 1; Paris/Bruges 1963), JTS n.s. 15 (1964) 137~41

Thurston, R. W.'Midrash and "Magnet" Words in the New Testament', EQ 51 (1979) 22~39

Torrance, J. B.'The Incarnation and "Limited Atonement"', EQ 55 (1983) 83~94

Toussaint, S. D.'The Eschatology of the Warning Passages in the Book of Hebrews', GTJ 3 (1982) 67~80

van der Wall, C.'"The People of God" in the Epistle to the Hebrews', Neot 5 (1971) 83~92

van Unnik, W. C.'The Christian's Freedom of Speech in the New Testament', BJRL 44 (1961~62) 466~88 [reprinted in Sparsa Collecta (see next entry) 2.269~89]

--------'The Semitic Background of parre_sia in the New Testament', Sparsa Collecta: The Collected Essays of W. C. van Unnik, Part II (SuppNovT 30; Leiden 1980) 290~306

Vanhoye, A.Old Testament Priests and the New Priest According to the New Testament (E.T.; Petersham, MA 1986)

Vennum, E.'Is She or Isn't She', Daughters of Sarah, January/February 1987, 4~7

Vermes, G.The Dead Sea Scrolls in English (Penguin Books 1970)

Vorster, W. S.'The Meaning of parresia in the Epistle to the Hebrews', Neot 5 (1971) 51~59

Weeks, N.'Admonition and Error in Hebrews', WTJ 39 (1976) 72~80

Wikgren, A.'Patterns of Perfection in the Epistle to the Hebrews', NTS 6 (1959~60) 159~67

Williamson, R.'The Background of the Epistle to the Hebrews', ExpT 87 (1975~76) 232~37

-------'Hebrews and Doctrine', ExpT 81 (1969~70) 371~76

-------'The Incarnation of the Logos in Hebrews', ExpT 95 (1983~84) 4~8

Wills, L.'The Form of the Sermon in Hellenistic Judaism and Early Christianity', HTR 77 (1984) 277~99

Witherington, B.'The Influence of Galatians on Hebrews', NTS 37 (1991) 146~52

Wood, C. M.'On Being Known', TToday 44 (1987) 197~206

Wood, J.'A New Testament Pattern for Preachers', EQ 47 (1975) 214~18

Young, N. H.'C. H. Dodd, "Hilaskesthai" and his Critics', EQ 48 (1976) 67~78

------'Haimatekchysia: A Comment', ExpT 90 (1978~79) 180

------'"Hilaskesthai" and Related Words in the New Testament', EQ 55 (1983) 169~76

补充书目

(以下各项未及在本注释中被采用,多数是由于它们在本注释脱稿后才在“中神”的图书馆出现,或根本就是在本书脱稿后才面世的)

Cadwallader, A. H.'The Correction of he Text of Hebrews towards the LXX', NovT 34 (1992) 257~92

deSilva, D. A.'Despising Shame: A Cultural-Anthropological Investigation of the Epistle to the Hebrews', JBL 113 (1994) 439~61

Dunnill, J.Covenant and Sacrifice in the Letter to the Hebrews (SNTSMS 75; Cambridge 1992)

Ebert, D. J.'The Chiastic Structure of the Prologue to Hebrews', TrinJ 13 N.S. (1992) 163~79

Hofius, O.'Biblische Theologie im Lichte des Hebra:erbriefes', in New Directions in Biblical Theology, ed S. Pedersen (Leiden 1994), 108~25

Koester, C. R.'The Epistle to the Hebrews in Recent Study', Currents in Research: Biblical Studies 2 (1994) 123~45

McCullough, J. C.'Hebrews in Recent Scholarship (Part 1)', IBS 16 (1994) 66~86

Olbricht, T. H.'Hebrews as Amplification', in Rhetoric and the New Testament: Essays from the 1992 Heidelberg Conference, ed S. E. Porter and T. H. Olbricht (JSNTSS 90; Sheffield 1993), 375~87

Pursiful, D. J.The Cultic Motif in the Spirituality of the Book of Hebrews (Leviston, NY/Quenton, Ont./Lampeter, Wales 1993)

Rayburn, R. S.'Hebrews', in Evangelical Commentary on the Bible, ed W. A. Elwell (Grand Rapids 1989), 1124~49

Dolfe, K.-G. E.[2:16] 'Hebrews 2,16 under the magnifying glass', ZNW 84 (1993) 289~94

Enns, P. E.[3:1~4:13] 'Creation and Re-Creation: Psalm 95 and Its Interpretation in Hebrews 3:11~4:13', WTJ 55 (1993) 255~80

Garland, D. E.[3:7~4:13] 'The Renewal of the Promise of Rest: A Canonical Reading of Hebrews 3:7~4:13', in Reclaiming the Prophetic Mantle: Preaching the Old Testament Faithfully, ed G. L. Klein (Nashville 1992), 203~21

Rowell, J. B.[6] 'Exposition of Hebrews Six', BS 94 (1937) 321~42

Kempson, W. R.[6:1~8] 'Hebrews 6:1~8', RevExp 91 (1994) 567~73

Finney, T. J.[7:28a] 'A Proposed Reconstruction of Hebrews 7.28a in P46, NTS 40 (1994) 472~73

Lohr, H.[8] '"Umriss" und "Schatten".Bemerkungen zur Zitieerung von Ex 25, 40 in Hebr 8', ZNW 84 (1993) 218~32

Wiid, J. S.[9:15~22] 'The testamental significance of diaqhvkh in Hebrews 9:15~22', Neot 26 (1992) 149~56

Swetnam, J.[10:30~31] 'Hebrews 10, 30~31: A Suggestion', Bib 75 (1994) 388~94

Schultz, D.[11:8~19] 'Abraham as an Example for Moral Exhortation: An Exegesis of Hebrews 11:8~19', in Directions in New Testament Methods, ed M. C. Albl, P. R. Eddy and R. Mirkes (Marquette University Press 1993), 39~43

Walker, P.[13:9~14] 'Jerusalem in Hebrew 13:9~14 and the Dating of the Epistle', TynB 45.1 (May 1994) 39~71

── 冯荫坤《天道圣经注释──希伯来书》